{"refrec":{"BRefID":289033,"RR":"<b>Jin, A.-H.; Israel, M.R.; Inserra, M.C.; Smith, J.J.; Lewis, R.J.; Alewood, P.F.; Vetter, I.; Dutertre, S.</b> (2015). δ-conotoxin SuVIA suggests an evolutionary link between ancestral predator defence and the origin of fish-hunting behaviour in carnivorous cone snails. <i>Proc. - Royal Soc., Biol. Sci. 282(1811)</i>: 20150817. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0817\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0817</a>","BEntID":281070,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Proc. - Royal Soc., Biol. Sci. 282(1811)</i>: 20150817. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0817\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0817</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Jin, A.-H.; Israel, M.R.; Inserra, M.C.; Smith, J.J.; Lewis, R.J.; Alewood, P.F.; Vetter, I.; Dutertre, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Jin, A.-H. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Some venomous cone snails feed on small fishes using an immobilizing combination of synergistic venom peptides that target K<sub>v</sub> and Na<sub>v</sub> channels. As part of this envenomation strategy, δ-conotoxins are potent ichtyotoxins that enhance Na<sub>v</sub> channel function. δ-Conotoxins belong to an ancient and widely distributed gene superfamily, but any evolutionary link from ancestral worm-eating cone snails to modern piscivorous species has not been elucidated. Here, we report the discovery of SuVIA, a potent vertebrate-active δ-conotoxin characterized from a vermivorous cone snail (<i>Conus suturatus</i>). SuVIA is equipotent at hNa<sub>V</sub>1.3, hNa<sub>V</sub>1.4 and hNa<sub>V</sub>1.6 with EC<sub>50</sub>s in the low nanomolar range. SuVIA also increased peak hNa<sub>V</sub>1.7 current by approximately 75% and shifted the voltage-dependence of activation to more hyperpolarized potentials from –15 mV to –25 mV, with little effect on the voltage-dependence of inactivation. Interestingly, the proximal venom gland expression and pain-inducing effect of SuVIA in mammals suggest that δ-conotoxins in vermivorous cone snails play a defensive role against higher order vertebrates. We propose that δ-conotoxins originally evolved in ancestral vermivorous cones to defend against larger predators including fishes have been repurposed to facilitate a shift to piscivorous behaviour, suggesting an unexpected underlying mechanism for this remarkable evolutionary transition.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"δ-conotoxin SuVIA suggests an evolutionary link between ancestral predator defence and the origin of fish-hunting behaviour in carnivorous cone snails","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-24 01:32:31.158009","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"conotoxin; defence; predation; venom; molecular evolution","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2015,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2017-09-07","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000358735700016","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1098/rspb.2015.0817"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":289033,"PubliDate":2015,"Pagination":"20150817","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"282","Issue":"1811","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":204863,"SerRR":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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