{"refrec":{"BRefID":289192,"RR":"<b>Schreiber, L.; Kjeldsen, K.U.; Funch, P.; Jensen, J.; Obst, M.; López-Legentil, S.; Schramm, A.</b> (2016). <i>Endozoicomonas</i> are specific, facultative symbionts of sea squirts. <i>Front. Microbiol. 7</i>. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042</a>","BEntID":281229,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Front. Microbiol. 7</i>. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Schreiber, L.; Kjeldsen, K.U.; Funch, P.; Jensen, J.; Obst, M.; López-Legentil, S.; Schramm, A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Schreiber, L. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Ascidians are marine filter feeders and harbor diverse microbiota that can exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Pharyngeal samples of Scandinavian and Mediterranean ascidians were screened for consistently associated bacteria by culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Representatives of the <i>Endozoicomonas</i> (Gammaproteobacteria, Hahellaceae) clade were detected in the ascidian species <i>Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra, Botryllus schlosseri, Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava</i>, and multiple <i>Ascidia</i>/<i>Ascidiella</i> spp. In total, <i>Endozoicomonas</i> was detected in more than half of all specimens screened, and in 25–100% of the specimens for each species. The retrieved <i>Endozoicomonas</i> 16S rRNA gene sequences formed an ascidian-specific subclade, whose members were detected by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) as extracellular microcolonies in the pharynx. Two strains of the ascidian-specific <i>Endozoicomonas</i> subclade were isolated in pure culture and characterized. Both strains are chemoorganoheterotrophs and grow on mucin (a mucus glycoprotein). The strains tested negative for cytotoxic or antibacterial activity. Based on these observations, we propose ascidian-associated <i>Endozoicomonas</i> to be commensals, living off the mucus continuously secreted into the pharynx. Members of the ascidian-specific <i>Endozoicomonas</i> subclade were also detected in seawater from the Scandinavian sampling site, which suggests acquisition of the symbionts by horizontal transmission. The combined results indicate a host-specific, yet facultative symbiosis between ascidians and <i>Endozoicomonas</i>.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"<i>Endozoicomonas</i> are specific, facultative symbionts of sea squirts","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-17 01:32:15.851537","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"tunicates; sea squirts; ascidians; Endozoicomonas; symbiosis; mucin;marine","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2016,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2017-09-20","DateCreate":"2017-09-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000379464300001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.01042"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":289192,"PubliDate":2016,"Pagination":null,"XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"7","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":234940,"SerRR":"Frontiers in Microbiology. 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