{"refrec":{"BRefID":289269,"RR":"<b>Crocetta, F.; Marino, R.; Cirino, P.; Macina, A.; Staiano, L.; Esposito, R.; Pezzotti, M.R.; Racioppi, C.; Toscano, F.; De Felice, E.; Locascio, A.; Ristoratore, F.; Spagnuolo, A.; Zanetti, L.; Branno, M.; Sordino, P.</b> (2015). Mutation studies in ascidians: a review. <i>Genesis 53(1)</i>: 160-169. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22837\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22837</a>","BEntID":281306,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Genesis 53(1)</i>: 160-169. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22837\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22837</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Crocetta, F.; Marino, R.; Cirino, P.; Macina, A.; Staiano, L.; Esposito, R.; Pezzotti, M.R.; Racioppi, C.; Toscano, F.; De Felice, E.; Locascio, A.; Ristoratore, F.; Spagnuolo, A.; Zanetti, L.; Branno, M.; Sordino, P.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Crocetta, F. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Historically, mutations have had a significant impact on the study of developmental processes and phenotypic evolution. Lesions in DNA are created by artificial methods or detected by natural genetic variation. Random mutations are then ascribed to genetic change by direct sequencing or positional cloning. Tunicate species of the ascidian genus Ciona represent nearly fully realized model systems in which gene function can be investigated in depth. Additionally, tunicates are valuable organisms for the study of naturally occurring mutations due to the capability to exploit genetic variation down to the molecular level. Here, we summarize the available information about how mutations are studied in ascidians with examples of insights that have resulted from these applications. 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