{"refrec":{"BRefID":289348,"RR":"<b>Kádár, E.; Dyson, O.; Handy, R.D.; Al-Subiai, S.N.</b> (2013). Are reproduction impairments of free spawning marine invertebrates exposed to zero-valent nano-iron associated with dissolution of nanoparticles? <i>Nanotoxicology 7(2)</i>: 135-143. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.647927\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.647927</a>","BEntID":281385,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":" <i>Nanotoxicology 7(2)</i>: 135-143. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.647927\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.647927</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Kádár, E.; Dyson, O.; Handy, R.D.; Al-Subiai, S.N.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Kádár, E. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Studies were carried out to assess the effects of coating applied to zero-valent nano-iron (nZVI) on early life stage development of three key marine invertebrate species <i>Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ciona intestinalis</i> and <i>Psammechinus milliaris.</i> Embryo development was assessed following a 2-h exposure of the sperm to concentrations of two nZVIs of up to 10 mg l<sup>-1</sup> followed by <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation. Disruption of embryo development was most severe in sea squirts followed by mussel, while the urchin embryos were not significantly affected as compared with controls. An over twofold decrease in fertilisation success alongside significant delay in the embryo development was observed, and the effect was more severe with the coated form, possibly owing to its better colloidal stability. 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