{"refrec":{"BRefID":289362,"RR":"<b>Conzelmann, M.; Jékely, G.</b> (2012). Antibodies against conserved amidated neuropeptide epitopes enrich the comparative neurobiology toolbox. <i>EvoDevo 3</i>. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-23\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-23</a>","BEntID":281399,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>EvoDevo 3</i>. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-23\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-23</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Conzelmann, M.; Jékely, G.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Conzelmann, M.; Jékely, G.","Englishabstract":"Background: Neuronal antibodies that show immunoreactivity across a broad range of species are important tools for comparative neuroanatomy. Nonetheless, the current antibody repertoire for non-model invertebrates is limited. Currently, only antibodies against the neuropeptide RFamide and the monoamine transmitter serotonin are extensively used. These antibodies label respective neuron-populations and their axons and dendrites in a large number of species across various animal phyla. Results: Several other neuropeptides also have a broad phyletic distribution among invertebrates, including DLamides, FVamides, FLamides, GWamides and RYamides. These neuropeptides show strong conservation of the two carboxy-terminal amino acids and are alpha-amidated at their C-termini. We generated and affinity-purified specific polyclonal antibodies against each of these conserved amidated dipeptide motifs. We thoroughly tested antibody reactivity and specificity both by peptide pre-incubation experiments and by showing a close correlation between the immunostaining signals and mRNA expression patterns of the respective precursor genes in the annelid <i>Platynereis</i>. We also demonstrated the usefulness of these antibodies by performing immunostainings on a broad range of invertebrate species, including cnidarians, annelids, molluscs, a bryozoan, and a crustacean. In all species, the antibodies label distinct neuronal populations and their axonal projections. In the ciliated larvae of cnidarians, annelids, molluscs and bryozoans, a subset of antibodies reveal peptidergic innervation of locomotor cilia. Conclusions: We developed five specific cross-species-reactive antibodies recognizing conserved two-amino-acid amidated neuropeptide epitopes. These antibodies allow specific labelling of peptidergic neurons and their projections in a broad range of invertebrates. Our comparative survey across several marine phyla demonstrates a broad occurrence of peptidergic innervation of larval ciliary bands, suggesting a general role of these neuropeptides in the regulation of ciliary swimming.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Antibodies against conserved amidated neuropeptide epitopes enrich the comparative neurobiology toolbox","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:01.897972","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2012,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2017-09-21","DateCreate":"2017-09-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000311379400002","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1186/2041-9139-3-23"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":289362,"PubliDate":2012,"Pagination":null,"XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"3","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":226636,"SerRR":"EvoDevo. 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