{"refrec":{"BRefID":292620,"RR":"<b>de Baar, H.J.W; van Heuven, S.; Middag, R.</b> (2017). Ocean Biochemical Cycling and Trace Elements, <b><i>in</i></b>: <i>Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series,</i> : pp. 1-21; Chapter 356-1. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_356-1\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_356-1</a>","BEntID":284673,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: White, W.M. <i>Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series,</i> : pp. 1-21; Chapter 356-1. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_356-1\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_356-1</a>","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"de Baar, H.J.W; van Heuven, S.; Middag, R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"de Baar, H.J.W <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Dissolved inorganic carbon (C as DIC) varies around ~2 millimoles [mM = 10−3 M] in seawater and is pivotal for life in the sea. Much less abundant are the nutrients nitrate and phosphate that occur in the micromole [μM = 10−6 M] range and are essential for each living organism. Also essential for life are several trace nutrient elements , notably Fe and Zn, that occur in the nanomolar [nM = 10−9 M] range or even lower such as Co in the picomolar [pM = 10−12 M] range. Several other trace elements also occur in the nanomolar [nM] to picomolar [pM] range. 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