{"refrec":{"BRefID":292960,"RR":"Galperin, M.Y. (2013). Genome diversity of spore-forming Firmicutes. Microbiology Spectrum 1(2): 1-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012","BEntID":285014,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". Microbiology Spectrum 1(2): 1-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Galperin, M.Y.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Galperin, M.Y.","Englishabstract":"Formation of heat-resistant endospores is a specific property of the members of the phylum Firmicutes (low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria). It is found in representatives of four different classes of Firmicutes, Bacilli, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, and Negativicutes, which all encode similar sets of core sporulation proteins. Each of these classes also includes non-spore-forming organisms that sometimes belong to the same genus or even species as their spore-forming relatives. This chapter reviews the diversity of the members of phylum Firmicutes, its current taxonomy, and the status of genome-sequencing projects for various subgroups within the phylum. It also discusses the evolution of the Firmicutes from their apparently spore-forming common ancestor and the independent loss of sporulation genes in several different lineages (staphylococci, streptococci, listeria, lactobacilli, ruminococci) in the course of their adaptation to the saprophytic lifestyle in a nutrient-rich environment. 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