{"refrec":{"BRefID":293778,"RR":"<b>Mertens, K.N.; Gu, H.; Takano, Y.; Price, A.M.; Pospelova, V.; Bogus, K.; Versteegh, G.J.M.; Marret, F.; Turner, R.E.; Rabalais, N.N.; Matsuoka, K.</b> (2017). The cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst <i>Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum</i>, with erection of <i>Protoperidinium lousianensis</i> sp. nov. and their phylogenetic position within the <i>Conica</i> group. <i>Palynology 41(2)</i>: 183-202. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219</a>","BEntID":285842,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Palynology 41(2)</i>: 183-202. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2016.1147219</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Mertens, K.N.; Gu, H.; Takano, Y.; Price, A.M.; Pospelova, V.; Bogus, K.; Versteegh, G.J.M.; Marret, F.; Turner, R.E.; Rabalais, N.N.; Matsuoka, K.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Mertens, K.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"We establish the cyst-theca relationship of the dinoflagellate cyst species <i>Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum</i> Matsuoka 1987 based on germination experiments of specimens isolated from the Gulf of Mexico. We show that the motile stage is a new species, designated as <i>Protoperidinium louisianensis</i>. We also determine its phylogenetic position based on single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a single cell germinated from the Gulf of Mexico cysts. To further refine the phylogeny, we determined the large subunit (LSU) sequence through single-cell PCR of the cyst <i>Selenopemphix undulata</i> isolated from Brentwood Bay (Saanich Inlet, BC, Canada). The phylogeny shows that <i>P. louisianensis</i> is closest to <i>P. shanghaiense</i>, the motile stage of <i>T. applanatum</i>, and is consistent with the monophyly of the genus <i>Trinovantedinium</i>. <i>Selenopemphix undulata</i> belongs to a different clade than <i>Selenopemphix quanta</i> (alleged cyst of <i>P. conicum</i>), suggesting that the genus <i>Selenopemphix</i> is polyphyletic. <i>Trinovantedinium pallidifulvum</i> is widely distributed with occurrences in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic, the northeast Pacific and southeast Asia. In addition, we illustrate the two other extant species, <i>Trinovantedinium applanatum</i> and <i>Trinovantedinium variabile</i>, and two morphotypes of <i>Trinovantedinium</i>. Geochemical analyses of the cyst wall of <i>T. pallidifulvum</i> indicate the presence of amide groups in agreement with other heterotrophic dinoflagellate species, although the cyst wall of <i>T. pallidifulvum</i> also includes some unique features. 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