{"refrec":{"BRefID":295942,"RR":"<b>Solar, P.M.</b> (2013). Opening to the East: shipping between Europe and Asia, 1770-1830. <i>Journal of Economic History 73(3)</i>: 625-661. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000569\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000569</a>","BEntID":288030,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Journal of Economic History 73(3)</i>: 625-661. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000569\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000569</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Solar, P.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Solar, P.M.","Englishabstract":"Shipping costs between Europe and Asia were reduced by two-thirds between the 1770s and the 1820s. Copper sheathing and other technical improvements which allowed ships to make more frequent voyages over longer lifetimes accounted for part of the cost reduction. British hegemony in the Indian Ocean, which ended an eighteenth-century arms race, accounted for the rest by allowing the substitution of smaller ships which cost less to build and required fewer men per ton. 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