{"refrec":{"BRefID":301532,"RR":"<b>Nacorda, H.M.E.; Austero, N.M.; Pagdilao, C.R.; Siang Tan, K.; Azanza, R.V.</b> (2018). Marine biofouling communities of Manila South Harbor, Philippines. <i>Asean J. Sci. Technol. Develop. 35(1-2)</i>: 115-123","BEntID":293773,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Asean J. Sci. Technol. Develop. 35(1-2)</i>: 115-123","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Nacorda, H.M.E.; Austero, N.M.; Pagdilao, C.R.; Siang Tan, K.; Azanza, R.V.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Nacorda, H.M.E. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"An immersion experiment was conducted in the Manila South Harbor to document the development of sessile biofouling communities. Test panels were submerged below the sea surface in April 2012 for short- (one and three months) and long-term (one year) exposures in seawater, then fouling types and occurrences were scored based on digital images of panel surfaces. The short-term immersed panels were found with significant cover of soft fouling (undet.), slime, and the invasive <i>Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite</i>. These also filled the long-term immersed panels, although some fell off due to mortality from crude oil smothering. <i>Perna viridis</i>, native but also invasive, successfully established and then dominated the fouling cover by the 12th month (April 2013). Oysters, bryozoans (<i>Watersipora</i> sp.), colonial tunicates, polychaetes (<i>Hydroides</i> sp.), and green algae contributed minor to fouling cover. These fouling communities in the Manila South Harbor consisted of organisms that were cosmopolitan in port waters of SE Asia. 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