{"refrec":{"BRefID":301648,"RR":"<b>Fossum, K.N.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Ceburnis, D.; Dall’Osto, M.; Marullo, S.; Bellacicco, M.; Simó, R.; Liu, D.; Flynn, M.; Zuend, A.; O'Dowd, C.</b> (2018). Summertime primary and secondary contributions to Southern Ocean cloud condensation nuclei. <i>NPG Scientific Reports 8(1)</i>: 14 pp. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32047-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32047-4</a>","BEntID":293889,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>NPG Scientific Reports 8(1)</i>: 14 pp. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32047-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32047-4</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Fossum, K.N.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Ceburnis, D.; Dall’Osto, M.; Marullo, S.; Bellacicco, M.; Simó, R.; Liu, D.; Flynn, M.; Zuend, A.; O'Dowd, C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Fossum, K.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Atmospheric aerosols in clean remote oceanic regions contribute significantly to the global albedo through the formation of haze and cloud layers; however, the relative importance of ‘primary’ wind-produced sea-spray over secondary (gas-to-particle conversion) sulphate in forming marine clouds remains unclear. Here we report on marine aerosols (PM<sub>1</sub>) over the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, in terms of their physical, chemical, and cloud droplet activation properties. Two predominant pristine air masses and aerosol populations were encountered: modified continental Antarctic (<i>cAA</i>) comprising predominantly sulphate with minimal sea-salt contribution and maritime Polar (<i>mP</i>) comprising sulphate plus sea-salt. We estimate that in <i>cAA</i> air, 75% of the CCN are activated into cloud droplets while in <i>mP</i> air, 37% are activated into droplets, for corresponding peak supersaturation ranges of 0.37–0.45% and 0.19–0.31%, respectively. When realistic marine boundary layer cloud supersaturations are considered (e.g. ~0.2–0.3%), sea-salt CCN contributed 2–13% of the activated nuclei in the <i>cAA</i> air and 8–51% for the marine air for surface-level wind speed &lt; 16 m s<sup>−1</sup>. At higher wind speeds, primary marine aerosol can even contribute up to 100% of the activated CCN, for corresponding peak supersaturations as high as 0.32%.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Summertime primary and secondary contributions to Southern Ocean cloud condensation nuclei","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-15 01:33:06.489237","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2018,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-09-28","DateCreate":"2018-09-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000444571200052","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-018-32047-4"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":301648,"PubliDate":2018,"Pagination":"14 pp","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"8","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":208093,"SerRR":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group). 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