{"refrec":{"BRefID":301938,"RR":"<b>Nyberg, C.D.</b> (2007). Introduced marine macroalgae and habitat modifiers: their ecological role and significant attributes. PhD Thesis. Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University: Göteborg. ISBN 91-89677-33-1. 61 pp.","BEntID":294179,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". PhD Thesis. Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University: Göteborg. ISBN 91-89677-33-1. 61 pp.","DocTypID":5,"DocType":"Book/Monograph","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Nyberg, C.D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Nyberg, C.D.","Englishabstract":"Invasive, non-indigenous species (NIS) have become an increasing problem worldwide, with impacts on the diversity and ecosystem functioning of native communities. Marine invasive NIS also have a negative economical impact through increased abundance of toxic species, fouling of man-made underwater structures, and reduced recreational values of beaches. Only a small proportion of the NIS becomes invasive (i.e., having a negative ecological and/or economical impact), but once a species has been established much effort and resources are needed to remove it. In the present thesis I discuss possible factors determining the success of macroalgal introductions and their impacts. A species of special concern in this thesis is the non-indigenous marine red alga <i>Gracilaria vermiculophylla</i> (Ohmi) Papenfuss, seen for the first time in the archipelago of Göteborg, Sweden, in the summer of 2003. Firstly, I highlight some positive and negative impacts caused by NIS as habitat modifiers. Secondly, I describe, by quantitative ranking, whether there are any common patterns of species traits increasing the likelihood of macroalgal NIS, introduced into a new area, becoming established and spread. In general, introduced and invasive species were ranked more hazardous than the native and non-invasive species introduced in Europe. Applying the quantitative species traits ranking on <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  rendered it among the most invasive red algae in Europe. Thirdly, I show the ability of <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  to withstand an emerged situation of more than five months, e.g. simulating transportation in a dredger or among fishing nets. The results indicate that <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  can easily survive long transportation in darkness such as in a ballast tank, and without being submerged in water. It also survived salinities down to 2 in a laboratory experiment, indicating that this species can survive in the innermost parts of the Baltic Sea (the Bothnian Bay). With the help of an event tree I illustrate the potential impact an establishment of <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  could have in the Baltic Sea. Fourthly, I show the distribution pattern within 150 km of the Swedish west coast in two years time for <i>G. vermiculophylla</i> . Furthermore, I describe the community associated with this species collected from Sweden, Denmark and the United States. In total, nearly 100 different taxa in twelve phyla were found associated with <i>G. vermiculophylla</i> . Finally, the impact of <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  on the native eelgrass, Zostera marina, was assessed using a modelling approach. The model output showed a negative effect on Z. marina already at low densities of <i>G. vermiculophylla</i> . This thesis contributes to a wider understanding of macroalgal introductions in general and of the ecology and ecophysiology of the invasive red alga <i>G. vermiculophylla</i>  in particular. Such knowledge is important for management and stresses the importance of monitoring the Swedish coastline for early detection of NIS.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"M","StandardTitle":"Introduced marine macroalgae and habitat modifiers: their ecological role and significant attributes","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Assessment; Community structure; Darkness; Distribution; Event tree; Habitat modification; invasive; Macroalgae; NIS (non-indigenous species); Risk, Species 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