{"refrec":{"BRefID":308030,"RR":"<b>Mertens, K.N.; Carbonell-Moore, M.C.; Pospelova, V.; Head, M.J.; Highfield, A.; Schroeder, D.; Gu, H.; Andree, K.B.; Fernandez, M.; Yamaguchi, A.; Takano, Y.; Matsuoka, K.; Nézan, E.; Bilien, G.; Okolodkov, Y.; Koike, K.; Hoppenrath, M.; Pfaff, M.; Pitcher, G.; Al-Muftah, A.; Rochon, A.; Lim, P.T.; Leaw, C.P.; Lim, Z.F.; Ellegaard, M.</b> (2018). <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) and its relationship to the cyst-defined genus <i>Operculodinium</i> and yessotoxin-producing <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i>. <i>Harmful Algae 71</i>: 57-77. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.003\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.003</a>","BEntID":300356,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Harmful Algae 71</i>: 57-77. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.003\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.003</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Mertens, K.N.; Carbonell-Moore, M.C.; Pospelova, V.; Head, M.J.; Highfield, A.; Schroeder, D.; Gu, H.; Andree, K.B.; Fernandez, M.; Yamaguchi, A.; Takano, Y.; Matsuoka, K.; Nézan, E.; Bilien, G.; Okolodkov, Y.; Koike, K.; Hoppenrath, M.; Pfaff, M.; Pitcher, G.; Al-Muftah, A.; Rochon, A.; Lim, P.T.; Leaw, C.P.; Lim, Z.F.; Ellegaard, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Mertens, K.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Strains of a dinoflagellate from the Salton Sea, previously identified as <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> and yessotoxin producing, have been reexamined morphologically and genetically and <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> n. gen. et sp. is erected to accommodate this species. <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> differs from <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> (Claparède et Lachmann 1859) Bütschli 1885 in the number of precingular plates (five vs. six), cingular displacement (two widths vs. one), and distinct cyst morphology. Incubation experiments (excystment and encystment) show that the resting cyst of <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> is morphologically most similar to the cyst-defined species <i>Operculodinium israelianum</i> (Rossignol, 1962) Wall (1967) and <i>O. psilatum</i> Wall (1967). Collections of comparative material from around the globe (including <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> and the genus <i>Ceratocorys</i>) and single cell PCR were used to clarify molecular phylogenies. Variable regions in the LSU (three new sequences), SSU (12 new sequences) and intergenic ITS 1–2 (14 new sequences) were obtained. These show that <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> and <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> form two distinct clades. <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> forms a monophyletic clade with several unidentified strains from Malaysia. LSU and SSU rDNA sequences of three species of <i>Ceratocorys (C. armata, C. gourreti, C. horrida)</i> from the Mediterranean and several other unidentified strains from Malaysia form a well-supported sister clade. The unique phylogenetic position of an unidentified strain from Hawaii is also documented and requires further examination. In addition, based on the V9 SSU topology (bootstrap values >80%), specimens from Elands Bay (South Africa), originally described as <i>Gonyaulax grindleyi</i> by Reinecke (1967), cluster with <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i>. The known range of <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> is tropical to subtropical, and its cyst is recorded as a fossil in upper Cenozoic sediments. <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> and <i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> seem to inhabit different niches: motile stages of these dinoflagellates have not been found in the same plankton sample.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"<i>Pentaplacodinium saltonense</i> gen. et sp. nov. 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