{"refrec":{"BRefID":310437,"RR":"<b>Gurdebeke, P.R.; Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Yamaguchi, A.; Bogus, K.; Dunthorn, M.; Matsuoka, K.; Vrielinck, H.; Louwye, S.</b> (2018). The affiliation of <i>Hexasterias problematica</i> and <i>Halodinium verrucatum</i> sp. nov. to ciliate cysts based on molecular phylogeny and cyst wall composition. <i>Eur. J. Protistol. 66</i>: 115-135. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2018.09.002\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2018.09.002</a>","BEntID":302768,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Eur. J. Protistol. 66</i>: 115-135. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2018.09.002\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2018.09.002</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Gurdebeke, P.R.; Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Yamaguchi, A.; Bogus, K.; Dunthorn, M.; Matsuoka, K.; Vrielinck, H.; Louwye, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Gurdebeke, P.R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Species in the genera <i>Hexasterias</i> and <i>Halodinium</i> have been recorded over the last decades as acritarchs in palynological and/or plankton studies. In paleoenvironmental studies, these resting stages are often interpreted as indicators of freshwater input. The biological affinity of these genera has never been definitely established. Here, a new species, <i>Halodinium verrucatum</i> sp. nov., is described and molecular evidence (single specimen SSU and LSU rDNA sequencing) reveals that both this new species and <i>Hexasterias problematica</i>, collected from sediment samples in the Skagerrak and Baltic Sea, are resting stages of prorodontid ciliates. Additionally, infrared spectroscopic analysis (micro-FTIR) of <i>Hexasterias problematica</i> and <i>Halodinium</i> spp. specimens indicates a carbohydrate-based composition of the cyst wall with evidence for nitrogen-containing functional groups. A similar composition is recorded for tintinnid loricae, which further supports the placement of <i>Hexasterias</i> and <i>Halodinium</i> as ciliate cysts, and the composition is consistent with the heterotrophic nature of ciliates. The morphologically similar species <i>Radiosperma corbiferum</i> has a comparable composition, suggesting a similar ciliate affinity and indicating the utility of micro-FTIR in understanding acritarch affinity. <i>Hexasterias problematica</i> typically occurs in coastal waters from temperate to arctic regions. <i>Halodinium verrucatum</i> sp. nov. is observed in temperate estuarine sediments in the northern hemisphere.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The affiliation of <i>Hexasterias problematica</i> and <i>Halodinium verrucatum</i> sp. nov. to ciliate cysts based on molecular phylogeny and cyst wall composition","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-18 01:32:09.333030","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Acritarch; Ciliate cyst; FTIR; LSU-SSU rDNA; Prostomatida; Taxonomy","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2018,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2019-04-23","DateCreate":"2019-04-17","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000452347600012","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.ejop.2018.09.002"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":310437,"PubliDate":2018,"Pagination":"115-135","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"66","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42676,"SerRR":"European Journal of Protistology. 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