{"refrec":{"BRefID":311559,"RR":"<b>Nomura, D.; Granskog, M.A.; Fransson, A.; Chierici, M.; Silyakova, A.; Ohshima, K.I.; Cohen, L.; Delille, B.; Dieckmann, G.S.</b> (2018). CO<sub>2</sub> flux over young and snow-covered Arctic pack ice in winter and spring. <i>Biogeosciences 15(11)</i>: 3331-3343. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3331-2018\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3331-2018</a>","BEntID":303922,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biogeosciences 15(11)</i>: 3331-3343. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3331-2018\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3331-2018</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Nomura, D.; Granskog, M.A.; Fransson, A.; Chierici, M.; Silyakova, A.; Ohshima, K.I.; Cohen, L.; Delille, B.; Dieckmann, G.S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Nomura, D. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Rare CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements from Arctic pack ice show that two types of ice contribute to the release of CO<sub>2</sub> from the ice to the atmosphere during winter and spring: young, thin ice with a&nbsp;thin layer of snow and older (several weeks), thicker ice with thick snow cover. Young, thin sea ice is characterized by high salinity and high porosity, and snow-covered thick ice remains relatively warm ( &gt; <span class=\"thinspace\"></span>−7.5<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>°C) due to the insulating snow cover despite air temperatures as low as −40<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>°C. Therefore, brine volume fractions of these two ice types are high enough to provide favorable conditions for gas exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere even in mid-winter. Although the potential CO<sub>2</sub> flux from sea ice decreased due to the presence of the snow, the snow surface is still a&nbsp;CO<sub>2</sub> source to the atmosphere for low snow density and thin snow conditions. We found that young sea ice that is formed in leads without snow cover produces CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes an order of magnitude higher than those in snow-covered older ice (+1.0<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>±<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>0.6<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>mmol C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> for young ice and +0.2<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>±<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>0.2<span class=\"thinspace\"></span>mmol C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> for older ice).","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"CO<sub>2</sub> flux over young and snow-covered Arctic pack ice in winter and spring","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2018,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2019-06-04","DateCreate":"2019-05-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000434308600001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.5194/bg-15-3331-2018"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":311559,"PubliDate":2018,"Pagination":"3331-3343","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"15","Issue":"11","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":68092,"SerRR":"<b>Gattuso, J.P.; Kesselmeier, J. 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