{"refrec":{"BRefID":318248,"RR":"<b>Goldbogen, J.A.; Cade, D.E.; Calambokidis, J.; Czapanskiy, M.F.; Fahlbusch, J.; Friedlaender, A.S.; Gough, W.T.; Kahane-Rapport, S.R.; Savoca, M.S.; Ponganis, K.V.; Ponganis, P.J.</b> (2019). Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world’s largest animal. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116(50)</i>: 25329-25332. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914273116\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914273116</a>","BEntID":311686,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116(50)</i>: 25329-25332. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914273116\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914273116</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Goldbogen, J.A.; Cade, D.E.; Calambokidis, J.; Czapanskiy, M.F.; Fahlbusch, J.; Friedlaender, A.S.; Gough, W.T.; Kahane-Rapport, S.R.; Savoca, M.S.; Ponganis, K.V.; Ponganis, P.J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Goldbogen, J.A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The biology of the blue whale has long fascinated physiologists because of the animal’s extreme size. Despite high energetic demands from a large body, low mass-specific metabolic rates are likely powered by low heart rates. Diving bradycardia should slow blood oxygen depletion and enhance dive time available for foraging at depth. However, blue whales exhibit a high-cost feeding mechanism, lunge feeding, whereby large volumes of prey-laden water are intermittently engulfed and filtered during dives. This paradox of such a large, slowly beating heart and the high cost of lunge feeding represents a unique test of our understanding of cardiac function, hemodynamics, and physiological limits to body size. Here, we used an electrocardiogram (ECG)-depth recorder tag to measure blue whale heart rates during foraging dives as deep as 184 m and as long as 16.5 min. Heart rates during dives were typically 4 to 8 beats min<sup>−1</sup> (bpm) and as low as 2 bpm, while after-dive surface heart rates were 25 to 37 bpm, near the estimated maximum heart rate possible. Despite extreme bradycardia, we recorded a 2.5-fold increase above diving heart rate minima during the powered ascent phase of feeding lunges followed by a gradual decrease of heart rate during the prolonged glide as engulfed water is filtered. These heart rate dynamics explain the unique hemodynamic design in rorqual whales consisting of a large-diameter, highly compliant, elastic aortic arch that allows the aorta to accommodate blood ejected by the heart and maintain blood flow during the long and variable pauses between heartbeats.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world’s largest animal","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-15 01:33:20.474860","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"cardiac function, blue whale","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2019,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2019-12-20","DateCreate":"2019-11-26","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000502577500056","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1914273116"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":318248,"PubliDate":2019,"Pagination":"25329-25332","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"116","Issue":"50","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43690,"SerRR":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 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