{"refrec":{"BRefID":31873,"RR":"<b>Wetsteyn, L.P.M.J.; Vink, M.</b> (2001). Ballast water: An investigation into the presence of plankton organisms in the ballast water of ships arriving in Dutch ports, and the survival of these organisms in Dutch surface and port waters. <i>Rapport RIKZ = Report RIKZ</i>, 2001(26). Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat. Rijksinstituut voor Kust en Zee (RIKZ): Middelburg. 71 pp.","BEntID":31873,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Rapport RIKZ = Report RIKZ</i>, 2001(26). Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat. Rijksinstituut voor Kust en Zee (RIKZ): Middelburg.  71 pp.","DocTypID":13,"DocType":"Reports","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Wetsteyn, L.P.M.J.; Vink, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Wetsteyn, L.P.M.J.; Vink, M.","Englishabstract":"The world-wide transport of ballast water has been shown to be an effective distribution vector for numerous non-native organisms. Discharge of this ballast water may lead and has led to the introduction of these organisms into all kinds of fresh, brackish and seawater environments. In many cases, these unintended introductions had serious economic, ecological or public health consequences.The International Maritime Organization is developing regulations to tackle the ballast water problem. To define a Dutch point of view, the North Sea Directorate of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, initiated a number of ballast water studies. The objectives of this ballast water study were to answer the following questions: 1) which organisms are imported with ballast water in ships arriving in Dutch ports? and 2) do these organisms survive in Dutch surface and port waters?During the period November 1998 -November 2000 ballast water samples were taken on board of 30 ships (container ships, multi- purpose ships, chemical tankers and bulk carriers) in the port areas of Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Vlissingen. In most cases the investigated ballast water was taken up in European ports or estuaries, but also mixtures of estuarine and oceanic waters were sampled. The temperatures of ballast water almost always differed by a few degrees from those of port water. Most of the sampled ballast water originated from brackish and seawater environments; port water samples almost always could be classified as brackish.A large number of plankton species was found in the analysed ballast water samples. The number of phytoplankton species and cell numbers increased significant I y when the residence time of the ballast water in the tanks had been shorter. In the analysed ballast water samples a conservative distinction was made between species analysed to species- genus or group level. 122 phytoplankton species (mainly diatom and autotrophic dinoflagellate species), 37 microzooplankton species (mainly heterotrophic dinoflagellate and rotifer species) and 12 mesozooplankton species (cladoceran and copepod species) were determined to species level. Most species were known already from the Dutch phytoplankton monitoring programme, from other programs and from literature. Only 3 non-native dinoflagellate species were found in the ballast water samples. Furthermore, we found diatom, bluegreen and dinoflagellate species with recorded toxic effects on humans and animals, in 6 to 19% (depending on the species) of the investigated ballast tanks.In the analysed port water samples, 72 phytoplankton species (mainly diatom and autotrophic dinoflagellate species) and 17microzooplankton species (mainly heterotrophic dinoflagellate species) were determined to species level. Mesozooplankton species were not recorded because of the small sample volume.Incubation of ballast water at temperatures of 10 and 20 °C in different media and in filtered port water with salinities of 0.3 to 30 psu, always resulted in growth of approximately 5 to 20 phytoplankton species.Also a few potentially toxic phytoplankton species, that were observed in the ballast water samples, grew in the media used. A significant relation between the number of growing species and difference in salinity (salinity of the medium used minus the salinity of ballast water) was not found, very probably because of the large salinity tolerance range of phytoplankton.Obviously, many living plankton species are imported with ballast water into Dutch ports, including unwanted non-native, toxic and potentially toxic phytoplankton species. After the ballast water is discharged, part of the imported organisms is able to survive in Dutch surface and port waters. We sampled only a very small fraction of ballast water on board of each ship. Extrapolating our results to the scale with which ballast water is discharged in Dutch surface and port waters, we may assume that unwanted species are released in large numbers into these waters. If these species are being released regularly and in large numbers, there is a great chance of interfacing with specific abiotic conditions, such as a great river run-off for example. that may favour these unwanted species. In summary, ballast water discharged into Dutch ports. is certainly not free from risks, such as, for example, the growth of non-native, toxic or potentially toxic phytoplankton species.","AbstractOtherLang":"Het wereldwijde transport van ballastwater blijkt een effectieve distributie vector te zijn van talrijke uitheemse organismen. Lozing van dit ballastwater kan leiden en heeft geleid tot de introductie van deze organismen in allerlei zoete, brakke en zeewater milieus. In veel gevallen hadden deze onbedoelde introducties ernstige economische, ecologische of volksgezondheids gevolgen.De Internationale Maritieme Organisatie werkt aan regelgeving om het ballastwaterprobleem aan te pakken. Om een Nederlands standpunt te bepalen, initieerde de Directie Noordzee van het Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat een aantal ballastwaterstudies. De te beantwoorden vragen van deze ballastwaterstudie waren: 1) welke organismen worden geïmporteerd in ballastwater van schepen die Nederlandse havens aandoen? en 2) kunnen deze organismen overleven in Nederlands oppervlakte- en havenwater?In de periode november 1998 -november 2000 werden ballastwatermonsters genomen aan boord van 30 schepen (containerschepen, multi purpose schepen, chemicaliëntankers en bulk carriers) in de havengebieden van Rotterdam, Amsterdam en Vlissingen. Het onderzochte ballastwater was in de meeste gevallen opgenomen in Europese havens of estuaria, maar ook cocktails van estuarien en oceanisch water werden bemonsterd. De temperatuur van het ballastwater verschilde altijd wel een paar graden met die van het havenwater. Het meeste bemonsterde ballastwater was afkomstig uit brak water- en zeewatergebieden; bijna alle havenwatermonsters werden geclassificeerd als brak water.In de geanalyseerde ballastwatermonsters werd een groot aantal soorten plankton aangetroffen. Het aantal fytoplanktonsoorten en de celdichtheden nam significant toe bij een kortere verblijftijd van het ballastwater in de tanks. Bij de analyse van de ballastwatermonsters werd een stringent onderscheid gemaakt tussen soorten die tot op soorts-, geslachts- of groepsniveau gedetermineerd konden worden. Er werden 122 soorten fytoplankton (voornamelijk diatomeeën en autotrofe dinoflagellaten), 37 soorten microzooplankton (voornamelijk heterotrofe dinoflagellaten en raderdieren) en 12 soorten mesozooplankton (watervlooien en copepoden) tot op soortsniveau gedetermineerd. De meeste soorten waren al bekend uit het Nederlandse fytoplankton monitoringprogramma, andere programma's en uit de literatuur. Er werden slechts 3 uitheemse soorten dinoflagellaten gevonden in de ballastwatermonsters. Verder werden in 6 tot 19% (afhankelijk van de soort) van de onderzochte ballast tanks diatomeeën, blauwwieren en dinoflagellaten gevonden, waarvan toxische effecten op mens en dier bekend zijn. In de geanalyseerde havenwatf!rmonsters werden 72 soorten fytoplankton (voornamelijk diatomeeën en autotrofe dinoflagellaten) en 17 soorten microzooplankton (voornamelijk heterotrofe dinoflagellaten) gedetermineerd tot op soortsniveau. Mesozooplankton soorten werden niet aangetroffen als gevolg van het kleine monstervolume.Incubatie van ballastwater bij temperaturen van 10 and 20 )°c in verschillende media en in gefiltreerd havenwater met saliniteiten van 0.3 tot 30 psu, resulteerde altijd in groei van zeker 5 tot 20 fytoplankton soorten. Ook een paar potentieel toxische fytoplankton soorten, die werden waargenomen in het ballastwater, groeiden in de gebruikte media. Vanwege de grote saliniteitstolerantie van fytoplankton werd er geen significant verband gevonden tussen het aantalopgekomen soorten en het saliniteitsverschil (saliniteitsverschil van het gebruikte medium en het ballastwater).Het blijkt dat tegelijk met ballastwater veellevend plankton in Nederlandse havens wordt aangevoerd, inclusief ongewenste uitheemse, toxische en potentieel toxische fytoplankton soorten. Na lozing van ballastwater overleeft een deel van de aangevoerde organismen in het Nederlandse oppervlakte- en havenwater. Bij de bemonsteringen werd steeds slechts een kleine hoeveelheid van het aan boord aanwezige ballastwater bemonsterd. 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