{"refrec":{"BRefID":319784,"RR":"<b>Christie, A.C.; Grant, A.; Haour, A.</b> (2019). Cataloging cowries: a standardized strategy to record six key species of cowrie shell from the West African archaeological record. <i>African Archaeological Review 36(4)</i>: 479-504. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-019-09351-z\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-019-09351-z</a>","BEntID":313223,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>African Archaeological Review 36(4)</i>: 479-504. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-019-09351-z\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-019-09351-z</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Christie, A.C.; Grant, A.; Haour, A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Christie, A.C.; Grant, A.; Haour, A.","Englishabstract":"Two species of the cowrie shell, <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Monetaria moneta</em> (Linnaeus, 1758) and <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Monetaria annulus</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), repeatedly occur in archaeological contexts across West Africa. Despite their archaeological and ethnographic importance, these shells remain poorly and inconsistently reported in the archaeological literature. The absence of standardized data on species composition, size, and condition of cowrie assemblages, and whether and how the shells were modified, make it difficult to examine their significance in a regional and chronological framework. To address this problem, we propose a set of standardized criteria and coding system for recording cowrie assemblages—in particular, species, size, condition, and state of modification. We aim to enable nonshell specialists within the wider archaeological community to securely identify intact or modified specimens of <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">M. annulus</em> and <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">M. moneta</em>, showing how these can be distinguished from four cowrie species native to West Africa—<em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Luria lurida</em> (Linnaeus, 1758), <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Zonaria zonaria</em> (Gmelin, 1791), <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Zonaria sanguinolenta</em> (Gmelin, 1791), and <em class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Trona stercoraria</em> (Linnaeus, 1758). We demonstrate how accurate species identification and the assessment of proportions of different sizes of shells within suitably large assemblages can provide insight into their provenance. This information can enhance our appreciation of the exchange networks within which these shells moved. We also identify five different strategies documented in the archaeological record that were used to modify cowries, detailing how these can be differentiated and classified. The aim here is to suggest a recording strategy that will enable comparisons of the use and value of cowries in West Africa and elsewhere.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Cataloging cowries: a standardized strategy to record six key species of cowrie shell from the West African archaeological record","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Cowrie shells; Recording strategy; West Africa; Cowrie modification ","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2019,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2019-12-20","DateCreate":"2019-12-20","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000500290300002","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1007/s10437-019-09351-z"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":319784,"PubliDate":2019,"Pagination":"479-504","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"36","Issue":"4","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":262825,"SerRR":"African Archaeological Review. Springer: New York.  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