{"refrec":{"BRefID":322982,"RR":"<b>Sachkova, M.Y.; Singer, S.A.; Macrander, J.; Reitzel, A.M.; Peigneur, S.; Tytgat, J.; Moran, Y.</b> (2019). The birth and death of toxins with distinct functions: a case study in the sea anemone <i>Nematostella</i>. <i>Mol. Biol. Evol. 36(9)</i>: 2001-2012. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz132\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz132</a>","BEntID":316453,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mol. Biol. Evol. 36(9)</i>: 2001-2012. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz132\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz132</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Sachkova, M.Y.; Singer, S.A.; Macrander, J.; Reitzel, A.M.; Peigneur, S.; Tytgat, J.; Moran, Y.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Sachkova, M.Y. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The cnidarian <em>Nematostella vectensis</em> has become an established lab model, providing unique opportunities for venom evolution research. The <em>Nematostella</em> venom system is multimodal: involving both nematocytes and ectodermal gland cells, which produce a toxin mixture whose composition changes throughout the life cycle. Additionally, their modes of interaction with predators and prey vary between eggs, larvae, and adults, which is likely shaped by the dynamics of the venom system.</p><p>Nv1 is a major component of adult venom, with activity against arthropods (through specific inhibition of sodium channel inactivation) and fish. Nv1 is encoded by a cluster of at least 12 nearly identical genes that were proposed to be undergoing concerted evolution. Surprisingly, we found that <em>Nematostella</em> venom includes several Nv1 paralogs escaping a pattern of general concerted evolution, despite belonging to the Nv1-like family. Here, we show two of these new toxins, Nv4 and Nv5, are lethal for zebrafish larvae but harmless to arthropods, unlike Nv1. Furthermore, unlike Nv1, the newly identified toxins are expressed in early life stages. Using transgenesis and immunostaining, we demonstrate that Nv4 and Nv5 are localized to ectodermal gland cells in larvae.</p><p>The evolution of Nv4 and Nv5 can be described either as neofunctionalization or as subfunctionalization. Additionally, the Nv1-like family includes several pseudogenes being an example of nonfunctionalization and venom evolution through birth-and-death mechanism. Our findings reveal the evolutionary history for a toxin radiation and point toward the ecological function of the novel toxins constituting a complex cnidarian venom.</p>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The birth and death of toxins with distinct functions: a case study in the sea anemone <i>Nematostella</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-09 01:32:06.050596","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"birth-and-death evolution; concerted evolution; venom; toxin; Cnidaria;Nematostella vectensis; neofunctionalization","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2019,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-04-20","DateCreate":"2020-04-07","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000493043800013","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1093/molbev/msz132"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":322982,"PubliDate":2019,"Pagination":"2001-2012","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"36","Issue":"9","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45270,"SerRR":"Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press: Chicago, Ill..  ISSN 0737-4038; e-ISSN 1537-1719","StandardTitleSer":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","ISSN":"0737-4038","AbbrevSer":"Mol. Biol. Evol.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":2001,"Pages":12,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Sachkova","Firstname":"Maria","Initials":"M.Y.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":408822,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Singer","Firstname":"Shir","Initials":"S.A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":408824,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Macrander","Firstname":"Jason","Initials":"J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":317971,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Reitzel","Firstname":"Adam","Initials":"A.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":233548,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Peigneur","Firstname":"Steve","Initials":"S.","Affiliation":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Catholic University of Leuven","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":408828,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"KU Leuven; Departement Farmaceutische en Farmacologische Wetenschappen; Laboratorium voor Toxicologie en Farmacologie","ORCID":"0000-0003-0504-5702","PersID":27019,"InsID":492},{"AutName":"Tytgat","Firstname":"Jan","Initials":"J.","Affiliation":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Catholic University of Leuven","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":408829,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"KU Leuven; Departement Farmaceutische en Farmacologische Wetenschappen; Laboratorium voor Toxicologie en Farmacologie","ORCID":null,"PersID":717,"InsID":492},{"AutName":"Moran","Firstname":"Yehu","Initials":"Y.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":316453,"AutID":408830,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":344028,"LibID":36,"BRefID":322982,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"344028","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Oxford University Press","City":"Chicago, Ill."}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Cnidaria"},{"TaxTerm":"Nematostella vectensis"}],"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","ShortName":"OMA"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"222":{"SpName":"BMB - Belgische Mariene Bibliografie","SpColID":222,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"BMB","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"BMB"},"221":{"SpName":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","SpColID":221,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"OMA","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"OMA"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":316453,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":316453,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz132","externalID":"10.1093/molbev/msz132","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":82124,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Cnidaria [cnidarians]","AphiaID":1267,"TaxtID":14845},{"TaxTerm":"Nematostella vectensis","AphiaID":100906,"TaxtID":44854}],"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Cnidaria","DutchTerm":"Neteldieren","AphiaID":1267,"TaxtID":14845},{"TaxTerm":"Nematostella vectensis","DutchTerm":null,"AphiaID":100906,"TaxtID":44854}],"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Lyssens, Liesbeth, L.","newSesDate":{"date":"2020-04-07 18:30:17.813000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Bouchti, Zohra, Z.","updSesDate":{"date":"2020-04-20 06:49:05.570000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}