{"refrec":{"BRefID":325198,"RR":"<b>Brunetti, R.; Griggio, F.; Mastrototaro, F.; Gasparini, F.; Gissi, C.</b> (2020). Toward a resolution of the cosmopolitan <i>Botryllus schlosseri</i> species complex (Ascidiacea, Styelidae): mitogenomics and morphology of clade E (<i>Botryllus gaiae</i>). <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 190(4)</i>: 1175-1192. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa023\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa023</a>","BEntID":318675,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 190(4)</i>: 1175-1192. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa023\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa023</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Brunetti, R.; Griggio, F.; Mastrototaro, F.; Gasparini, F.; Gissi, C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Brunetti, R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<em>Botryllus</em><em>schlosseri</em> is a model colonial ascidian and a marine invader. It is currently recognized as a species complex comprising five genetically divergent clades, with clade A globally distributed and clade E found only in Europe. This taxon has also been recently redescribed by designation of a clade A specimen as the neotype. To clarify the taxonomic status of clade E and its relationship to clade A, we examine the entire mitochondrial genome and study the morphology of clade E. The mitogenome of clade E has an identical gene order to clade A, but substantially differs in the size of several non-coding regions. Remarkably, the nucleotide divergence of clade A-clade E is incompatible with the intraspecies ascidian divergence, but similar to the congeneric one and almost identical to the divergence between species once considered morphologically indistinguishable (e.g. the pair <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> (Linnaeus, 1767)-<em>Ciona robusta</em> Hoshino & Tokioka, 1967, and the pair <em>Botrylloides niger</em> Herdman, 1886-<em>Botrylloides leachii</em> (Savigny, 1816)). Clade E differs morphologically from the <em>Botryllus</em><em>schlosseri</em> neotype mainly in the number and appearance of the stomach folds, and the shape of the anal opening, the first intestinal loop and the typhlosole. Our integrative taxonomical approach clearly distinguishes clade E as a species separate from <em>Botryllus</em><em>schlosseri</em>, with unique morphological and molecular characters. Therefore, we here describe clade E as the new species <strong><em>Botryllus gaiae</em> sp. nov.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Toward a resolution of the cosmopolitan <i>Botryllus schlosseri</i> species complex (Ascidiacea, Styelidae): mitogenomics and morphology of clade E (<i>Botryllus gaiae</i>)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-19 01:32:06.720062","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"ascidian, Botryllinae, complete mitochondrial genome, cryptic species, cytochrome oxidase 1, gene order, integrative taxonomy, morphology, nonsynonymous substitution rate","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2020,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-11-23","DateCreate":"2020-06-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000595485400005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa023"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":325198,"PubliDate":2020,"Pagination":"1175-1192","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"190","Issue":"4","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45039,"SerRR":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Academic Press: London.  ISSN 0024-4082; e-ISSN 1096-3642","StandardTitleSer":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","ISSN":"0024-4082","AbbrevSer":"Zool. J. Linn. 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