{"refrec":{"BRefID":328437,"RR":"<b>Witkowski, C.R.; van der Meer, M.T.J.; Smit, N.T.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Schouten, S.</b> (2020). Testing algal-based <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> proxies at a modern CO<sub>2</sub> seep (Vulcano, Italy). <i>NPG Scientific Reports 10(1)</i>: 10508. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67483-8\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67483-8</a>","BEntID":321914,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>NPG Scientific Reports 10(1)</i>: 10508. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67483-8\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67483-8</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Witkowski, C.R.; van der Meer, M.T.J.; Smit, N.T.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Schouten, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Witkowski, C.R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Understanding long-term trends in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>) has become increasingly relevant as modern concentrations surpass recent historic trends. One method for estimating past <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>, the stable carbon isotopic fractionation associated with photosynthesis (Ɛ<sub>p</sub>) has shown promise over the past several decades, in particular using species-specific biomarker lipids such as alkenones. Recently, the Ɛ<sub>p</sub> of more general biomarker lipids, organic compounds derived from a multitude of species, have been applied to generate longer-spanning, more ubiquitous records than those of alkenones but the sensitivity of this proxy to changes in <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> has not been constrained in modern settings. Here, we test Ɛ<sub>p</sub> using a variety of general biomarkers along a transect taken from a naturally occurring marine CO<sub>2</sub> seep in Levante Bay of the Aeolian island of Vulcano in Italy. The studied general biomarkers, loliolide, cholesterol, and phytol, all show increasing depletion in 13C over the transect from the control site towards the seep, suggesting that CO2 exerts a strong control on isotopic fractionation in natural phytoplankton communities. The strongest shift in fractionation was seen in phytol, and <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> estimates derived from phytol confirm the utility of this biomarker as a proxy for <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> reconstruction.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Testing algal-based <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> proxies at a modern CO<sub>2</sub> seep (Vulcano, Italy)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-19 01:32:07.360743","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2020,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-09-02","DateCreate":"2020-09-02","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000548357100009","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-020-67483-8"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":328437,"PubliDate":2020,"Pagination":"10508","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"10","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":208093,"SerRR":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group). Nature Publishing Group: London.  ISSN 2045-2322; e-ISSN 2045-2322","StandardTitleSer":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group)","ISSN":"2045-2322","AbbrevSer":"NPG Scientific Reports","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":10508,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Witkowski","Firstname":"Caitlyn","Initials":"C.R.","Affiliation":"MMB","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":321914,"AutID":351053,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"MMB","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry","ORCID":null,"PersID":36899,"InsID":13655},{"AutName":"van der Meer","Firstname":"Marcel","Initials":"M.T.J.","Affiliation":"MMB","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":321914,"AutID":253155,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"MMB","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; 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