{"refrec":{"BRefID":329715,"RR":"<b>Rau, G.H.</b> (2008). Electrochemical splitting of calcium carbonate to increase solution alkalinity: implications for mitigation of carbon dioxide and ocean acidity. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(23)</i>: 8935-8940. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800366q\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800366q</a>","BEntID":323322,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(23)</i>: 8935-8940. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800366q\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800366q</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Rau, G.H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Rau, G.H.","Englishabstract":"Electrochemical splitting of calcium carbonate (e.g., as contained in limestone or other minerals) is explored as a means of forming dissolve hydroxides for absorbing, neutralizing, and storing carbon dioxide, and for restoring, preserving, or enhancing ocean calcification. While essentially insoluble in water, CaCO<sub>3</sub> can be dissolved in the presence of the highly acidic anolyte of a water electrolysis cell. The resulting charged constituents, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>, migrate to the cathode and anode, respectively, forming Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> on the one hand and H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (or H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>) on the other. By maintaining a pH between 6 and 9, subsequent hydroxide reactions with CO<sub>2</sub> primarily produce dissolved calcium bicarbonate, Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2aq</sub>. Thus, for each mole of CaCO<sub>3</sub> split, there can be a net capture of up to 1 mol of CO<sub>2</sub>. Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2aq</sub> is thus the carbon sequestrant that can be diluted and stored in the ocean, in natural or artificial surface water reservoirs, or underground. The theoretical work requirement for the reaction is 266 kJ<sub>e</sub> per net mole CO<sub>2</sub> consumed. Even with inefficiencies, a realized net energy expenditure lower than the preceding quantity appears possible considering energy recovery via oxidation of the H<sub>2</sub> produced. The net process cost is estimated to be <$100/tonne CO<sub>2</sub> mitigated. An experimental demonstration of the concept is presented, and further implementation issues are discussed.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Electrochemical splitting of calcium carbonate to increase solution alkalinity: implications for mitigation of carbon dioxide and ocean acidity","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-14 01:31:55.254176","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2008,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-04-19","DateCreate":"2020-10-01","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000261307200055","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1021/es800366q"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":329715,"PubliDate":2008,"Pagination":"8935-8940","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"42","Issue":"23","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42837,"SerRR":"Environmental Science and Technology. 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