{"refrec":{"BRefID":331244,"RR":"<b>Witkowski, C.R.; van der Meer, M.T.J.; Blais, B.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Schouten, S.</b> (2020). Algal biomarkers as a proxy for <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>: Constraints from late quaternary sapropels in the eastern Mediterranean. <i>Org. Geochem. 150</i>: 104123. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104123\" target=\"_blank\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104123</a>","BEntID":324855,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Org. Geochem. 150</i>: 104123. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104123\" target=\"_blank\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104123</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Witkowski, C.R.; van der Meer, M.T.J.; Blais, B.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Schouten, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Witkowski, C.R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Records of carbon dioxide concentrations (partial pressure expressed as    <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>) over Earth’s history provide trends that arecritical to understand our changing world. To better constrain <i>p</i>CO    <sub>2</sub> estimations, here we test organic <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>    proxies against the direct measurements of <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> recorded    in ice cores. Based on the concept of stable carbon isotopic fractionation    due to photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation (Ɛ<sub>p</sub>), we use the    stable carbon isotopic composition (δ<sup>13</sup>C) of the recently    proposed biomarker phytol (from all photoautotrophs), as well as the    conventionally used alkenone biomarkers (from specific species) for    comparison, to reconstruct <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> over several Quaternary    sapropel formation periods (S1, S3, S4, and S5) in the eastern    Mediterranean Sea. The reconstructed <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> values are    within error of the ice core values but consistently exceed the ice core    values by ca. 100 µatm. This offset corresponds with atmospheric    disequilibrium of present day CO<sub>2[aq]</sub> concentrations in the    Mediterranean Sea from global <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>, equivalent to ca. 100    µatm, although <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> estimates derived from individual    horizons within each sapropel do not covary with the ice core values. This    may possibly be due to greater variability in local CO<sub>2[aq]</sub>    concentration changes in the Mediterranean, as compared with the global    average <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>, or possibly due to biases in the proxy,    such as variable growth rate or carbon-concentrating mechanisms. Thus, the    offset is likely a combination of physiological or environmental factors.Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that alkenone- and phytol-based<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> proxies yield statistically similar estimations (    <i>P</i>-value = 0.02, Pearson’s <i>r</i>-value = 0.56), and yield    reasonable absolute estimations although with relatively large    uncertainties (±100 µatm).","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Algal biomarkers as a proxy for <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>: Constraints from late quaternary sapropels in the eastern Mediterranean","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-10 01:32:32.994008","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>; organic geochemical proxies; sapropels; phytol; alkenones","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2020,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-11-20","DateCreate":"2020-11-20","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000599850700010","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104123"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":331244,"PubliDate":2020,"Pagination":"104123","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"150","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":111331,"SerRR":"Organic Geochemistry. Elsevier: Oxford; New York.  ISSN 0146-6380; e-ISSN 1873-5290","StandardTitleSer":"Organic Geochemistry","ISSN":"0146-6380","AbbrevSer":"Org. 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