{"refrec":{"BRefID":333418,"RR":"<b>Yap, N.W.L.; Quek, Z.B.R.; Tan, R.; Nugroho, D.A.; Lee, J.N.; Berumen, M.L.; Tan, K.S.; Huang, D.</b> (2021). Carlgren’s hesitation allayed: redescription and systematics of <i>Heteranthus verruculatus</i> Klunzinger, 1877 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria), with a redefinition of Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900. <i>Contributions to Zoology 90(2)</i>: 155-182. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10015\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10015</a>","BEntID":327030,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Contributions to Zoology 90(2)</i>: 155-182. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10015\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10015</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Yap, N.W.L.; Quek, Z.B.R.; Tan, R.; Nugroho, D.A.; Lee, J.N.; Berumen, M.L.; Tan, K.S.; Huang, D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Yap, N.W.L. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Species boundaries delineating tropical sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of the zooxanthellate genus, <em>Heteranthus</em> , are unclear. There are currently two valid <em>Heteranthus</em> species: type species <em>Heteranthus verruculatus</em> , first reported from Koseir, Egypt, and <em>H. insignis</em> , from Poulo Condore, Vietnam. In describing the latter from a single, poorly preserved specimen, zoologist Oskar Carlgren expressed apprehension with traits he had used to establish this species. Carlgren’s doubts persisted later in writing when he found a similar-looking sea anemone from the Great Barrier Reef. Crucial details to positively identify either species have since remained limited. Here, we re-diagnosed <em>Heteranthus</em> and re-described its type species based on observations of specimens we have obtained from Singapore and Pulau Ambon (Indonesia), and of museum material collected elsewhere across the Indo-West Pacific region (n &gt; 180). Supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence, the family Heteranthidae  was reinstated and re-diagnosed. <em>Heteranthus verruculatus</em> is encountered in the lower intertidal region amongst seagrass, in rocky crevices, or coral rubble. It occurs as solitary individuals or in clonal clusters, well-camouflaged against the substratum. Individuals were observed to frequently propagate by longitudinal fission, resulting in a varied appearance. Type material of <em>H. verruculatus</em> and <em>H. insignis</em> were re-examined and as we found no differences between them, the two were synonymised. We inferred that Carlgren probably misinterpreted cnidae and histological data in defining <em>H. insignis</em> as a distinct species. This revision clarifies the taxonomy and geographic range of <em>H. verruculatus</em>, an Indo-West Pacific species that is found from the Red Sea to subtropical Australia and Hawaii.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Carlgren’s hesitation allayed: redescription and systematics of <i>Heteranthus verruculatus</i> Klunzinger, 1877 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria), with a redefinition of Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Actinioidea; Indo-West Pacific; longitudinal fission; Phymanthus; taxonomy; zooxanthellate","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-02-02","DateCreate":"2021-02-02","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000614147600001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1163/18759866-bja10015"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":333418,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"155-182","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"90","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45902,"SerRR":"Contributions to Zoology. 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