{"refrec":{"BRefID":336773,"RR":"<b>Steffens, L.; Pettinato, E.; Steiner, T.M.; Mall, A.; König, S.; Eisenreich, W.; Berg, I.A.</b> (2021). High CO<sub>2</sub> levels drive the TCA cycle backwards towards autotrophy. <i>Nature (Lond.) 592(7856)</i>: 784-788. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9</a>. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9</a>","BEntID":333395,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nature (Lond.) 592(7856)</i>: 784-788. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9</a>. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Steffens, L.; Pettinato, E.; Steiner, T.M.; Mall, A.; König, S.; Eisenreich, W.; Berg, I.A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Steffens, L. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"It has recently been shown that in anaerobic microorganisms the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, including the seemingly irreversible citrate synthase reaction, can be reversed and used for autotrophic fixation of carbon<sup><a data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 1\" title=\"Nunoura, T. et al. A primordial and reversible TCA cycle in a facultatively chemolithoautotrophic thermophile. Science 359, 559–563 (2018).\" href=\"/articles/s41586-021-03456-9#ref-CR1\" id=\"ref-link-section-d22893e502\">1</a>,<a data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\" title=\"Mall, A. et al. Reversibility of citrate synthase allows autotrophic growth of a thermophilic bacterium. Science 359, 563–567 (2018).\" href=\"/articles/s41586-021-03456-9#ref-CR2\" id=\"ref-link-section-d22893e505\">2</a></sup>. This reversed oxidative TCA cycle requires ferredoxin-dependent 2-oxoglutarate synthase instead of the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase as well as extremely high levels of citrate synthase (more than 7% of the proteins in the cell). In this pathway, citrate synthase replaces ATP-citrate lyase of the reductive TCA cycle, which leads to the spending of one ATP-equivalent less per one turn of the cycle. Here we show, using the thermophilic sulfur-reducing deltaproteobacterium <i>Hippea maritima</i>, that this route is driven by high partial pressures of CO<sub>2</sub>. These high partial pressures are especially important for the removal of the product acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) through reductive carboxylation to pyruvate, which is catalysed by pyruvate synthase. The reversed oxidative TCA cycle may have been functioning in autotrophic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation in a primordial atmosphere that is assumed to have been rich in CO<sub>2</sub>.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"High CO<sub>2</sub> levels drive the TCA cycle backwards towards autotrophy","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-03 01:31:53.147845","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-04-30","DateCreate":"2021-04-30","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000642083200001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9","Handle":"10.1038/s41586-021-03456-9"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":336773,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"784-788","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"592","Issue":"7856","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43431,"SerRR":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. Nature Publishing Group: London.  ISSN 0028-0836; e-ISSN 1476-4687","StandardTitleSer":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science","ISSN":"0028-0836","AbbrevSer":"Nature (Lond.)","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":784,"Pages":5,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":[{"YBRefID":336772,"RefStrFull":"<b>Preiner, M.; Martin, W.F.</b> (2021). Life in a carbon dioxide world. <i>Nature (Lond.) 592(7856)</i>: 688-689. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/d41586-021-00977-1\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1038/d41586-021-00977-1</a>","RelID":4,"Relation":"Related to","StandardTitle":"Life in a carbon dioxide 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