{"refrec":{"BRefID":337225,"RR":"<b>Dingenen, F.; Verbruggen, S.W.</b> (2021). Tapping hydrogen fuel from the ocean: a review on photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical and electrolytic splitting of seawater. <i>Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 142</i>: 110866. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866</a>","BEntID":333847,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 142</i>: 110866. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Dingenen, F.; Verbruggen, S.W.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Dingenen, F.; Verbruggen, S.W.","Englishabstract":"Direct splitting of earth-abundant seawater provides an eco-friendly route for the production of clean H<sub>2</sub>, but is hampered by selectivity and stability issues. Direct seawater electrolysis is the most established technology, attaining high current densities in the order of 1–2 A cm<sup>−2</sup>. Alternatively, light-driven processes such as photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical seawater splitting are particularly promising as well, as they rely on renewable solar power. Solar-to-Hydrogen efficiencies have increased over the past decade from negligible values to about 2%. Especially the absence of large local pH changes (in the order of several tenths of a pH unit compared to up to 9 pH units for electrolysis) is a strong asset for pure photocatalysis. This may lead to less adverse side-reactions such as Cl<sub>2</sub> and ClO<sup>−</sup> formation, (acid or base induced) corrosion and scaling. Besides, additional requirements for electrolytic cells, <i>e.g.</i> membranes and electricity input, are not needed in pure photocatalysis systems. In this review, the state-of-the-art technologies in light-driven seawater splitting are compared to electrochemical approaches with a focus on sustainability and stability. Promising advances are identified at the level of the catalyst as well as the process, and insight is provided in solutions crossing different fields.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Tapping hydrogen fuel from the ocean: a review on photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical and electrolytic splitting of seawater","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-11 01:32:45.009675","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Seawater splitting; Hydrogen; Photocatalysis; Photoelectrochemical cells; Electrolysis; Chloride","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-05-29","DateCreate":"2021-05-17","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000632316600003","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"Handle":"10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":337225,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"110866","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"142","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45755,"SerRR":"Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 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