{"refrec":{"BRefID":337395,"RR":"<b>Inoue, J.; Sato, K.; Rinke, A.; Cassano, J.J.; Fettweis, X.; Heinemann, G.; Matthes, H.; Orr, A.; Phillips, T.; Seefeldt, M.; Solomon, A.; Webster, S.</b> (2021). Clouds and radiation processes in regional climate models evaluated using observations over the ice-free Arctic ocean. <i>JGR: Atmospheres 126(1)</i>: e2020JD033904. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1029/2020JD033904\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1029/2020JD033904</a>","BEntID":334017,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>JGR: Atmospheres 126(1)</i>: e2020JD033904. <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10.1029/2020JD033904\" target=\"_blank\">https://hdl.handle.net/10.1029/2020JD033904</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Inoue, J.; Sato, K.; Rinke, A.; Cassano, J.J.; Fettweis, X.; Heinemann, G.; Matthes, H.; Orr, A.; Phillips, T.; Seefeldt, M.; Solomon, A.; Webster, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Inoue, J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The presence of clouds in the Arctic regulates the surface energy budget (SEB) over the sea-ice surface and the ice-free ocean. Following several previous field campaigns, the cloud-radiation relationship, including cloud vertical structure and phase, has been elucidated; however, modeling of this relationship has matured slowly. In recognition of the recent decline in the Arctic sea-ice extent, representation of the cloud system in numerical models should consider the effects of areas covered by sea ice and ice-free areas. Using an in situ stationary meteorological observation data set obtained over the ice-free Arctic Ocean by the Japanese Research Vessel <i>Mirai</i> (September 2014), coordinated evaluation of six regional climate models (RCMs) with nine model runs was performed by focusing on clouds and the SEB. The most remarkable findings were as follows: (1) reduced occurrence of unstable stratification with low-level cloud water in all models in comparison to the observations, (2) significant differences in cloud water representations between single- and double-moment cloud schemes, (3) extensive differences in partitioning of hydrometeors including solid/liquid precipitation, and (4) pronounced lower-tropospheric air temperature biases. These issues are considered as the main sources of SEB uncertainty over ice-free areas of the Arctic Ocean. The results from a coupled RCM imply that the SEB is constrained by both the atmosphere and the ocean (and sea ice) with considerable feedback. Coordinated improvement of both stand-alone atmospheric and coupled RCMs would promote a more comprehensive and improved understanding of the Arctic air-ice-sea coupled system.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Clouds and radiation processes in regional climate models evaluated using observations over the ice-free Arctic ocean","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-21 01:33:00.192024","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Arctic; cloud; radiation; surface energy budget","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-05-22","DateCreate":"2021-05-17","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000616529300021","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"Handle":"10.1029/2020JD033904"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":337395,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"e2020JD033904","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"126","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":272089,"SerRR":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 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