{"refrec":{"BRefID":339293,"RR":"<b>Malinverno, G.; Colombo, I.; Visca, M.</b> (2005). Toxicological profile of hydrofluoropolyethers. <i>Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 41(3)</i>: 228-239. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.003\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.003</a>","BEntID":335928,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 41(3)</i>: 228-239. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.003\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.003</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Malinverno, G.; Colombo, I.; Visca, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Malinverno, G.; Colombo, I.; Visca, M.","Englishabstract":"Hydrofluoropolyethers (HFPE) are a family of linear oligomeric fluorinated fluids comprising a chain of difluoromethoxy and tetrafluoroethoxy repeating units with terminal OCF<sub>2</sub><span><span>H end groups, each of which contains an isolated <a href=\"/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrogen-atom\" title=\"Learn more about Hydrogen Atom from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">hydrogen atom</a><span>. These fluids have been designed as low environmental impact substitutes for perfluorinated organic substances in a number of applications including heat transfer and fire suppression agents, and as a solvent. The toxicological profile of these new fluids has been evaluated and is presented in this paper. Acute <a href=\"/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/toxicity-test\" title=\"Learn more about Toxicity Test from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">toxicity tests</a> have been performed on Sprague–Dawley </span></span><a href=\"/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/cd-rat\" title=\"Learn more about CD Rat from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">Crl: CD (SD) BR rats</a> using oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. No deaths were recorded even at the highest tested concentrations, and the resultant LD</span><sub>50</sub>/LC<sub>50</sub> values were &gt;5000<!--  &nbsp;<!--  mg/kg (oral), &gt;2000<!--  &nbsp;<!--  mg/kg (dermal), and &gt;26,411<!--  &nbsp;<!--  <!--  <span><span>ppm (inhalation: reversible <a href=\"/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/anesthetic-agent\" title=\"Learn more about Anesthetic Agent from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">anaesthetic</a> effects, e.g., lethargy, seen at this exposure concentration). Other short-term tests (skin and </span><a href=\"/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/eye-irritation\" title=\"Learn more about Eye Irritation from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">eye irritation</a><span>, skin sensitisation, <a href=\"/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/genotoxicity\" title=\"Learn more about Genotoxicity from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">genotoxicity</a><span> tests in vitro and in vivo, cardiac sensitisation) were also performed, and no hazardous properties were identified. Effects of repeated <a href=\"/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/exposure-by-inhalation\" title=\"Learn more about Exposure by Inhalation from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" class=\"topic-link\">exposure by inhalation</a> were examined in rats over test periods of 5, 14, 28, and 90 days. Effects on embryo–foetal development in the rat have also been studied. The 28-day, 90-day and developmental studies were performed using nominal HFPE concentrations of 1000, 3300, and 10,000</span></span></span>&nbsp;<!--  ppm (6<!--  &nbsp;<!--  h/day: actual exposures confirmed by test atmosphere analysis), and the highest tested concentration proved to be an NOAEL in each study. Major observed effects were elevated urinary (inorganic) fluoride levels and increased liver weights with centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy (considered an adaptive response, linked to hepatic metabolism of absorbed material).","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Toxicological profile of hydrofluoropolyethers","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-02 01:32:07.819700","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Hydrofluoropolyethers; Fluorinated fluids; Risk assessment","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2005,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-06-24","DateCreate":"2021-06-24","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000227776300005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.003"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":339293,"PubliDate":2005,"Pagination":"228-239","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"41","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":227256,"SerRR":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 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