{"refrec":{"BRefID":339373,"RR":"<b>Yang, H.; Hu, Z.; Tang, Y.Z.</b> (2021). Plasticity and multiplicity of trophic modes in the dinoflagellate <i>Karlodinium</i> and their pertinence to population maintenance and bloom dynamics. <i>J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 9(1)</i>: 51. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010051\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010051</a>","BEntID":336008,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 9(1)</i>: 51. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010051\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010051</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Yang, H.; Hu, Z.; Tang, Y.Z.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Yang, H.; Hu, Z.; Tang, Y.Z.","Englishabstract":"As the number of mixotrophic protists has been increasingly documented, “mixoplankton”, a third category separated from the traditional categorization of plankton into “phytoplankton” and “zooplankton”, has become a new paradigm and research hotspot in aquatic plankton ecology. While species of dinoflagellates are a dominant group among all recorded members of mixoplankton, the trophic modes of <span class=\"html-italic\">Karlodinium</span>, a genus constituted of cosmopolitan toxic species, were reviewed due to their representative features as mixoplankton and harmful algal blooms (HABs)-causing dinoflagellates. Among at least 15 reported species in the genus, three have been intensively studied for their trophic modes, and all found to be phagotrophic. Their phagotrophy exhibits multiple characteristics: (1) omnivority, i.e., they can ingest a variety of preys in many forms; (2) flexibility in phagotrophic mechanisms, i.e., they can ingest small preys by direct engulfment and much bigger preys by myzocytosis using a peduncle; (3) cannibalism, i.e., species including at least <span class=\"html-italic\">K. veneficum</span> can ingest the dead cells of their own species. However, for some recently described and barely studied species, their tropical modes still need to be investigated further regarding all of the above-mentioned aspects. Mixotrophy of <span class=\"html-italic\">Karlodinium</span> plays a significant role in the population dynamics and the formation of HABs in many ways, which thus deserves further investigation in the aspects of physiological ecology, environmental triggers (e.g., levels of inorganic nutrients and/or presence of preys), energetics, molecular (genes and gene expression regulations) and biochemical (e.g., relevant enzymes and signal molecules) bases, origins, and evaluation of the advantages of being a phagotroph.","AbstractOtherLang":" ","BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Plasticity and multiplicity of trophic modes in the dinoflagellate <i>Karlodinium</i> and their pertinence to population maintenance and bloom dynamics","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-11 01:32:46.712912","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"trophic modes; phagotrophy; mixotrophy","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-06-28","DateCreate":"2021-06-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000610344600001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9010051"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":339373,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"51","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"9","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":251606,"SerRR":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. MDPI: Basel.  ISSN 2077-1312; e-ISSN 2077-1312","StandardTitleSer":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","ISSN":"2077-1312","AbbrevSer":"J. Mar. Sci. 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