{"refrec":{"BRefID":339534,"RR":"<b>Yang, M.; Smyth, T.J.; Kitidis, V.; Brown, I.J.; Wohl, C.; Yelland, M.J.; Bell, T.G.</b> (2021). Natural variability in air–sea gas transfer efficiency of CO<sub>2</sub>. <i>NPG Scientific Reports 11(1)</i>: 13584. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w</a>","BEntID":336169,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>NPG Scientific Reports 11(1)</i>: 13584. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Yang, M.; Smyth, T.J.; Kitidis, V.; Brown, I.J.; Wohl, C.; Yelland, M.J.; Bell, T.G.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Yang, M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The flux of CO<sub>2</sub> between the atmosphere and the ocean is often estimated as the air–sea gas concentration difference multiplied by the gas transfer velocity (<i>K</i><sub>660</sub>). The first order driver for <i>K</i><sub>660</sub> over the ocean is wind through its influence on near surface hydrodynamics. However, field observations have shown substantial variability in the wind speed dependencies of <i>K</i><sub>660</sub>. In this study we measured <i>K</i><sub>660</sub> with the eddy covariance technique during a ~ 11,000&nbsp;km long Southern Ocean transect. In parallel, we made a novel measurement of the gas transfer efficiency (GTE) based on partial equilibration of CO<sub>2</sub> using a Segmented Flow Coil Equilibrator system. GTE varied by 20% during the transect, was distinct in different water masses, and related to <i>K</i><sub>660</sub>. At a moderate wind speed of 7&nbsp;m&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>, <i>K</i><sub>660</sub> associated with high GTE exceeded <i>K</i><sub>660</sub> with low GTE by 30% in the mean. The sensitivity of <i>K</i><sub>660</sub> towards GTE was stronger at lower wind speeds and weaker at higher wind speeds. Naturally-occurring organics in seawater, some of which are surface active, may be the cause of the variability in GTE and in <i>K</i><sub>660</sub>. Neglecting these variations could result in biases in the computed air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Natural variability in air–sea gas transfer efficiency of CO<sub>2</sub>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-15 01:33:36.320034","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-07-02","DateCreate":"2021-07-02","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000671791200013","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":339534,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"13584","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"11","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":208093,"SerRR":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group). Nature Publishing Group: London.  ISSN 2045-2322; e-ISSN 2045-2322","StandardTitleSer":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group)","ISSN":"2045-2322","AbbrevSer":"NPG Scientific Reports","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":13584,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Yang","Firstname":"Mingxi","Initials":"M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":243963,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Smyth","Firstname":"Timothy","Initials":"T.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":32611,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Kitidis","Firstname":"Vassilis","Initials":"V.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":54959,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Brown","Firstname":"Ian","Initials":"I.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":458691,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Wohl","Firstname":"Charel","Initials":"C.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":458692,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Yelland","Firstname":"Margaret","Initials":"M.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":29373,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Bell","Firstname":"Thomas","Initials":"T.G.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":336169,"AutID":243962,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":362877,"LibID":36,"BRefID":339534,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"362877","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Nature Publishing Group","City":"London"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":null,"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":336169,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":336169,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w","externalID":"10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":94680,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2021-07-02 08:02:38.860000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","updSesDate":{"date":"2021-07-02 08:02:38.860000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}