{"refrec":{"BRefID":339577,"RR":"<b>Lindström, A.; Alerstam, T.; Andersson, A.; Bäckman, J.; Bahlenberg, P.; Bom, R.A.; Ekblom, R.; Klaassen, R.H.G.; Korniluk, M.; Sjöberg, S.; Weber, J.K.M.</b> (2021). Extreme altitude changes between night and day during marathon flights of great snipes. <i>Curr. Biol. 31(15)</i>: 3433-3439. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047</a>","BEntID":336212,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Curr. Biol. 31(15)</i>: 3433-3439. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lindström, A.; Alerstam, T.; Andersson, A.; Bäckman, J.; Bahlenberg, P.; Bom, R.A.; Ekblom, R.; Klaassen, R.H.G.; Korniluk, M.; Sjöberg, S.; Weber, J.K.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lindström, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<p>    Several factors affect the flight altitude of    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/migratory-birds\"        title=\"Learn more about migratory birds from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"    >        migratory birds    </a>    , such as topography, ambient temperature, wind conditions, air humidity,    predation avoidance, landmark orientation, and avoiding over-heating from    direct sunlight.<a name=\"bbib1\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib1\"    >        1    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib2\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib2\"    >        2    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib3\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib3\"    >        3    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib4\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib4\"    >        4    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib5\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib5\"    >        5    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib6\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib6\"    >        6    </a>    Recent tracking of migratory birds over long distances has shown that    migrants change flight altitude more commonly and dramatically than    previously thought.    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib4\"    >        4    </a>    ,    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib5\"    >        5    </a>    ,    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib6\"    >        6    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib7\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib7\"    >        7    </a>    , <a name=\"bbib8\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib8\"    >        8    </a>    The reasons behind these altitude changes are not well understood. In theirseasonal migrations between Sweden and sub-Saharan Africa, great snipes    <em>Gallinago media</em> make non-stop flights of 4,000–7,000 km, lasting    60–90 h.<a name=\"bbib9\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib9\"    >        <sup>9</sup>    </a>    <sup>,</sup>    <a name=\"bbib10\"></a>    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib10\"    >        <sup>10</sup>    </a>    Activity and air pressure data from multisensor dataloggers showed that    great snipes repeatedly changed altitudes around dawn and dusk, between    average cruising heights about 2,000 m (above sea level) at night and    around 4,000 m during daytime. Frequency and    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/autocorrelation\"        title=\"Learn more about autocorrelation from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"    >        autocorrelation    </a>    analyses corroborated a conspicuous diel cycle in flight altitude. Most    birds regularly flew at 6,000 m and one bird reached 8,700 m, possibly the    highest altitude ever recorded for an identified migrating bird. The diel    altitude changes took place independently of climate zone, topography, and    habitat overflown. Ambient temperature, wind condition, and humidity have    no important diel variation at the high altitudes chosen by great snipes.    Instead, improved view for orientation by landmarks,    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/predator-avoidance\"        title=\"Learn more about predator avoidance from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"    >        predator avoidance    </a>    , and not least, seeking cold altitudes at day to counteract heating from    direct sunlight are the most plausible explanations for the diel altitude    cycle. Together with similar recent findings for a small    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/songbirds\"        title=\"Learn more about songbird from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"    >        songbird    </a>    ,    <a        href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221007454?via%3Dihub#bib6\"    >        <sup>6</sup>    </a>    the great snipes’ altitudinal performance sheds new light on the complexity    and challenges of migratory flights.</p>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Extreme altitude changes between night and day during marathon flights of great snipes","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-21 01:33:01.629672","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"<i>Gallinago media</i>; wader; shorebird; migration; flight altitude; diel altitude cycle; circadian pattern; multisensor dataloggers","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-10-04","DateCreate":"2021-07-05","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000685170000003","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":339577,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"3433-3439","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"31","Issue":"15","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":72005,"SerRR":"Current Biology. 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