{"refrec":{"BRefID":342468,"RR":"<b>Bagnell, A.; DeVries, T.</b> (2021). 20th century cooling of the deep ocean contributed to delayed acceleration of Earth’s energy imbalance. <i>Nature Comm. 12(1)</i>: 4604. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24472-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24472-3</a>","BEntID":339103,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nature Comm. 12(1)</i>: 4604. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24472-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24472-3</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Bagnell, A.; DeVries, T.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Bagnell, A.; DeVries, T.","Englishabstract":"The historical evolution of Earth’s energy imbalance can be quantified by changes in the global ocean heat content. However, historical reconstructions of ocean heat content often neglect a large volume of the deep ocean, due to sparse observations of ocean temperatures below 2000 m. Here, we provide a global reconstruction of historical changes in full-depth ocean heat content based on interpolated subsurface temperature data using an autoregressive artificial neural network, providing estimates of total ocean warming for the period 1946-2019. We find that cooling of the deep ocean and a small heat gain in the upper ocean led to no robust trend in global ocean heat content from 1960-1990, implying a roughly balanced Earth energy budget within −0.16 to 0.06 W m<sup>−2</sup> over most of the latter half of the 20th century. However, the past three decades have seen a rapid acceleration in ocean warming, with the entire ocean warming from top to bottom at a rate of 0.63 ± 0.13 W m<sup>−2</sup>. These results suggest a delayed onset of a positive Earth energy imbalance relative to previous estimates, although large uncertainties remain.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"20th century cooling of the deep ocean contributed to delayed acceleration of Earth’s energy imbalance","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-16 01:33:26.938611","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-08-12","DateCreate":"2021-08-12","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000681059700006","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-021-24472-3"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":342468,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"4604","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"12","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":198717,"SerRR":"Nature Communications. 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