{"refrec":{"BRefID":348255,"RR":"<b>Deblauwe, I.; De Wolf, K.; De Witte, J.; Schneider, A.; Verlé, I.; Vanslembrouck, A.; Smitz, N.; Demeulemeester, J.; Van Loo, T.; Dekoninck, W.; Krit, M.; Madder, M.; Van Bortel, W.</b> (2022). From a long-distance threat to the invasion front: Invasive <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species in Belgium between 2007 and 2020. <i>Parasites & Vectors 15</i>: 206. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w</a>","BEntID":344949,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Parasites & Vectors 15</i>: 206. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":1,"Authorstring":"Deblauwe, I.; De Wolf, K.; De Witte, J.; Schneider, A.; Verlé, I.; Vanslembrouck, A.; Smitz, N.; Demeulemeester, J.; Van Loo, T.; Dekoninck, W.; Krit, M.; Madder, M.; Van Bortel, W.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Deblauwe, I. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<strong>Background: </strong>Invasive mosquito species (IMS) and their associated mosquito-borne diseases are emerging in Europe. In Belgium, the first detection of <em>Aedes albopictus</em> occurred in 2000 and of <em>Aedes japonicus</em> in 2002. Early detection and control of these IMS at points of entry (PoE’s) are of paramount importance to slow down any possible establishment. This paper gives an account of the IMS surveillance in Belgium between 2007 and 2020 and reviews the introductions and establishments recorded in that period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total 52 PoE’s were monitored at least once for the presence of IMS between 2007 and 2020. These included used tyre and lucky bamboo import companies, airports, ports, parking lots along highways, shelters for imported cutting plants, wholesale markets, industrial areas, recycling areas, and cemeteries and an allotment garden at the country border with colonised areas. In general, monitoring was performed between April and November. Mosquitoes were captured with adult and oviposition traps, as well as by larval sampling. A logistic regression was performed to investigate the percentage of positive PoE’s for <em>Ae. albopictus </em>over the years.  </p><p><strong>Results: </strong><em>Aedes albopictus</em> has been detected at ten PoE’s, <em>Ae. japonicus</em> at three PoE’s and <em>Aedes koreicus</em> at two PoE’s. The latter two species have established overwintering populations. The percentage of PoE’s positive for <em>Ae. albopictus</em> increased significantly over time. <em>Aedes albopictus</em> is currently entering Belgium through lucky bamboo trade, used tyre trade and passive ground transport, while <em>Ae. japonicus</em> only through the latter two pathways. In Belgium, the import through passive ground transport was first recorded in 2018 and its importance seems to grow.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Belgium is currently at the invasion front of <em>Ae. albopictus</em> and <em>Ae. japonicus</em>. The surveillance and control management actions at well-known PoE‘s associated to long-distance introductions are more straightforward than at less-defined PoE’s associated with short-distance introductions from colonised areas. These latter PoE’s represent a new challenge for IMS management in Belgium in the coming years and stresses the urgence of implementing a sustainable, structured and long-term IMS management programme, integrating active and passive surveillance and control.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"From a long-distance threat to the invasion front: Invasive <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species in Belgium between 2007 and 2020","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus, mosquito monitoring, exotic mosquito species, surveillance, introduction pathways, establishment, point of entry, Culicidae","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-08-05","DateCreate":"2021-12-16","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000810682800006","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":348255,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"206","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"15","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":276055,"SerRR":"Parasites & Vectors. 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