{"refrec":{"BRefID":349399,"RR":"<b>Zhao, S.; Zettler, E.R.; Bos, R.P.; Lin, P.; Amaral-Zettler, L.; Mincer, T.J. </b> (2022). Large quantities of small microplastics permeate the surface ocean to abyssal depths in the South Atlantic Gyre. <i>Glob. Chang. Biol. 28(9)</i>: 2991-3006. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16089\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16089</a>","BEntID":347094,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Glob. Chang. Biol. 28(9)</i>: 2991-3006. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16089\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16089</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Zhao, S.; Zettler, E.R.; Bos, R.P.; Lin, P.; Amaral-Zettler, L.; Mincer, T.J. ","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Zhao, S. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":" Hundreds of studies have surveyed plastic debris in surface ocean gyre and    convergence zones, however, comprehensive microplastics (MP, ≤5 mm)assessments beneath these surface accumulation areas are lacking. Using    <i>in-situ</i> high-volume filtration, Manta net and MultiNet sampling,    combined with micro-Fourier-transform-infrared imaging, we discovered a    high abundance (up to 244.3 pieces per cubic meter [n m<sup>-3</sup>]) of    small microplastics (SMP, characteristically <100 μm) from the surface    to near-sea floor waters of the remote South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre.    Large horizontal and vertical variations in the abundances of SMP were    observed, displaying inverse vertical trends in some cases. SMP abundances    in pump samples were over 2 orders of magnitude higher than large    microplastics (LMP, >300 μm) concurrently collected in MultiNet samples.    Higher density polymers (e.g., alkyd resins and polyamide) comprised    >65% of the total pump sample count, highlighting a discrepancy between    polymer compositions from previous ocean surface-based surveys, typically    dominated by buoyant polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene.    Contrary to previous reports stating LMP preferentially accumulated at    density gradients, SMP with presumably slower sinking rates are much less    influenced by density gradients, thus resulting in a more even vertical    distribution in the water column, and potentially longer residence times.    Overall, our findings suggest that SMP is a critical and largely    underexplored constituent of the oceanic plastic inventory. Additionally,    our data support that weak current systems contribute to the formation of    SMP hotspots at depth, implying a higher encounter rate for subsurface    particle feeders. Our study unveils the prevalence of plastics in the    entire water column, highlighting the urgency for more quantification of    the deep-ocean MP, particularly the smaller size fraction, to better    understand ecosystem exposure and to predict MP fate and impacts.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Large quantities of small microplastics permeate the surface ocean to abyssal depths in the South Atlantic Gyre","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-19 01:32:14.517626","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"FTIR imaging; <i>in-situ</i> pump; microplastics; plastic marine debris; South Atlantic Gyre; water column","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-05-10","DateCreate":"2022-01-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000748195800001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1111/gcb.16089"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":349399,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"2991-3006","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"28","Issue":"9","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":73485,"SerRR":"Global Change Biology. Blackwell Publishers: Oxford.  ISSN 1354-1013; e-ISSN 1365-2486","StandardTitleSer":"Global Change Biology","ISSN":"1354-1013","AbbrevSer":"Glob. Chang. Biol.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":2991,"Pages":16,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Zhao","Firstname":"Shiye","Initials":"S.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":428359,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Zettler","Firstname":"Erik","Initials":"E.R.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":398631,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"MMB","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry","ORCID":"0000-0002-9266-1142","PersID":32745,"InsID":13655},{"AutName":"Bos","Firstname":"Ryan","Initials":"R.P.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":478600,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Lin","Firstname":"Peigen","Initials":"P.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":431446,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Amaral-Zettler","Firstname":"Linda","Initials":"L.","Affiliation":"MMB","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":287233,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"MMB","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry","ORCID":null,"PersID":9507,"InsID":13655},{"AutName":"Mincer","Firstname":"Tracy","Initials":"T.J. ","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":347094,"AutID":428362,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":347094,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":374669,"LibID":36,"BRefID":349399,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":null,"ShelfLocCode":"374669","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"Interne VLIZ documenten","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Non-open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":228,"Classification":"Non-open access","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":1,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_VLIZ_Intern","DutchDisclaimer":"<p>Deze publicatie is enkel beschikbaar voor persoonlijk gebruik binnen de Innovocean site <br />en mag op geen enkele manier verder worden verspreid.</p>","FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null},{"BInstID":376859,"LibID":2779,"BRefID":349399,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"376859","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":null,"Acronym":null,"Library":"NIOZ","DutchTerm":null,"URL":null,"ClassifID":262,"Classification":"NIOZ Open Repository - Accepted Manuscripts","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":null,"LoggedInReq":null,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_NIOZ","DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":397,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"NIOZ","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null},{"BInstID":374931,"LibID":2779,"BRefID":349399,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":null,"ShelfLocCode":"374931","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":null,"Acronym":null,"Library":"NIOZ","DutchTerm":null,"URL":null,"ClassifID":261,"Classification":"NIOZ files","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":null,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":397,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"NIOZ","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":805,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Blackwell Publishers","City":"Oxford"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"805":{"SpName":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee","SpColID":805,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"NIOZ","URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imis/nioz/imis.php?refid=","LibID":2779,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":1,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"NIOZ"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":347094,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":347094,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16089","externalID":"10.1111/gcb.16089","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":99385,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"daan.van.loon@nioz.nl","newSesDate":{"date":"2022-01-28 16:47:18.810000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Leonne.van.der.Weegen@nioz.nl","updSesDate":{"date":"2022-05-10 10:30:27.140000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}