{"refrec":{"BRefID":35144,"RR":"<b>Borges, A.V.; Frankignoulle, M.</b> (2002). Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics and CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheric exchanges in the inner and outer Scheldt estuary, <b><i>in</i></b>: <i>ECSA Local Meeting: ecological structures and functions in the Scheldt Estuary: from past to future, Antwerp, Belgium October 7-10, 2002: abstract book.</i> pp. 23","BEntID":35144,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: <i>ECSA Local Meeting: ecological structures and functions in the Scheldt Estuary: from past to future, Antwerp, Belgium October 7-10, 2002: abstract book.</i> pp. 23","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Borges, A.V.; Frankignoulle, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Borges, A.V.; Frankignoulle, M.","Englishabstract":"Since 1992, the Chemical Oceanography Unit of the University of Liège has carried out on a regular basis field cruises in the Scheldt inner estuary and the river plume (outer estuary), during which were measured: pH, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (pCO<sub>2</sub>), dissolved oxygen and atmospheric flux of CO<sub>2</sub>. In the inner Scheldt estuary, pCO<sub>2</sub> values  in the upper estuary can be as high as 9000 ppm that is about 25 times the value of atmospheric equilibrium (presently around 370 ppm). These high pCO<sub>2</sub> values induce a high CO<sub>2</sub> efflux and the entire Scheldt can emit up to 790 tons of carbon per day (tC day<sup>-1</sup>) to the atmosphere. The annually integrated CO<sub>2</sub> emission is estimated to 456 tC day<sup>-1</sup> (<i>Frankignoulle et al 1998 Science 282: 434-436</i>). Along the salinity gradient, dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics are dominated on one hand by nitrification at salinities around 5 and on the other hand by dilution. Total alkalinity is not conservative in the upper estuary (salinity 0 to 5) due to intense nitrification which produces H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> and leads to a decrease of total alkalinity and a minimum of both pH and oxygen saturation level. For salinities higher than 5, total alkalinity has a conservative behaviour (<i>Frankignoulle et al 1996 Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 365-369</i>). A simple carbon budget shows that aerobic heterotrophic activity and nitrification produce similar amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> and can explain most of the CO<sub>2</sub> emission from the inner estuary to the atmosphere. The input of CO<sub>2</sub> from fresh water inputs represents only 10% of aerobic heterotrophic activity and nitrification and 10% of the estuarine emission to the atmosphere. The advective flux of CO<sub>2</sub>, from the river to the estuary and from the estuarine mouth to the North Sea are one order of magnitude lower than atmospheric exchange in the estuarine zone (<i>Abril et al 2000 Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 330: 761-768</i>). In the outer Scheldt estuary, pCO<sub>2</sub> shows a distinct seasonal evolution related to the cycle of biological activity. Throughout the year, the river plume is over-saturated (average pCO<sub>2</sub> value of about 450 ppm) except during the Phaeocystis bloom when values of pCO<sub>2</sub> as low as 50 ppm are observed (<i>Borges and Frankignoulle 1999 J. Mar. Syst. 19: 251-266</i>). The outer Scheldt estuary emits CO<sub>2</sub> on an annual basis at a rate of about 110 tC day<sup>-1</sup> that corresponds to about 25% of the emission of CO<sub>2</sub> by the inner estuary. A simple carbon budget shows the input of CO<sub>2</sub> from the inner estuary contributes to about 30% of the emission of CO<sub>2</sub> from the outer estuary. The remaining emission of CO<sub>2</sub> is from the net heterotrophic activity fuelled by organic carbon inputs from the inner Scheldt estuary and the Belgian coast (<i>Borges and Frankignoulle 2002 Biogeochemistry 59:  41-67</i>).","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AM","StandardTitle":"Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics and CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheric exchanges in the inner and outer Scheldt estuary","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2002,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2014-05-14","DateCreate":"2003-05-26","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":null,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":35144,"PubliDate":2002,"Pagination":"23","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":null,"Issue":null,"BRefMon":35114,"BRefMonRR":"(2002). 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University of Antwerp: Antwerp. 73 + 1 cd-rom pp.","BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":null,"SerRR":null,"StandardTitleSer":null,"ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"StandardTitleMon":"ECSA Local Meeting: Ecological structures and functions in the Scheldt Estuary: from past to future, Antwerp, Belgium October 7-10, 2002: abstract book","StartPage":23,"Pages":23,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"M","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Borges","Firstname":"Alberto Vieira","Initials":"A.V.","Affiliation":"Université de Liège","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":35144,"AutID":177425,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"ULG","InsFSN":"Université de Liège","ORCID":"0000-0002-5434-2247","PersID":3170,"InsID":467},{"AutName":"Frankignoulle","Firstname":"Michel","Initials":"M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":35144,"AutID":4591,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":204,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":126900,"LibID":36,"BRefID":35144,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"126900","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":[{"LitStyID":3,"Style":"Conference paper"}],"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":null,"MONpubls":[{"PublName":"University of Antwerp","Place":"Antwerp"}],"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Belgium, Schelde R.","ThestID":183117,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTermPath":"Belgium, Schelde R."},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Carbon dioxide","ThestID":1330,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Chemical compounds > Carbon compounds > Atmospheric gases > Carbon dioxide"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Inorganic carbon","ThestID":9697,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Inorganic matter > Carbon > Inorganic carbon"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Heterotrophy","ThestID":3995,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Nutritional types > Heterotrophy"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Salinity","ThestID":7093,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Properties > Chemical properties > Salinity"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Estuaries","ThestID":2895,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Water bodies > Coastal waters > Coastal landforms > Coastal inlets > Estuaries"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Belgium, Schelde R."},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Carbon dioxide"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Estuaries"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Heterotrophy"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Inorganic carbon"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Salinity"}],"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":[{"GeoTerm":"Schelde"}],"collections":[{"Collection":"OMA - 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