{"refrec":{"BRefID":351451,"RR":"<b>Jin, H.; van Leeuwen, C.H.A.; Temmink, R.J.M.; Bakker, E.S.</b> (2022). Impacts of shelter on the relative dominance of primary producers and trophic transfer efficiency in aquatic food webs: Implications for shallow lake restoration. <i>Freshwat. Biol. 67(6)</i>: 1107-1122. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13904\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13904</a>","BEntID":349157,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Freshwat. Biol. 67(6)</i>: 1107-1122. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13904\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13904</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Jin, H.; van Leeuwen, C.H.A.; Temmink, R.J.M.; Bakker, E.S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Jin, H. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":" Wind-induced turbulence can     strongly impact ecological processes in shallow lake ecosystems. The     creation of shelter against wind can be expected to affect both primary     producers and herbivores in aquatic food webs. Shelter may benefit     particular primary producers more than others by changing relative     resource availabilities for different primary producers. Herbivore community     compositions may be affected either directly or indirectly as a     consequence of changes in their food quantity and quality that, in turn,     may affect the transfer efficiency between primary producers and     herbivores. A reduction in trophic transfer efficiency resulting from     wind-induced turbulence potentially can lead to declines of higher trophic     levels, but is generally understudied. Here,     we focus on the impact of wind on aquatic primary producers and trophic     transfer efficiency. We hypothesised that reducing wind-induced turbulence     will stimulate higher trophic production in shallow lakes. However, the     multitude of impacts of wind-induced turbulence on aquatic food webs make     it challenging to predict the direction of change when creating sheltered     conditions. We     tested our hypothesis in the shallow waters of a newly constructed     archipelago named Marker Wadden in lake Markermeer in the Netherlands.     Lake Markermeer has experienced declining numbers of birds and fish. These     declines have been related to wind-induced sediment resuspension that     potentially limits primary production and trophic transfer efficiency.     Marker Wadden is a large-scale restoration project that aims to add     sheltered and heterogeneous habitat to the otherwise mostly homogeneous     lake, thus targeting the potential problems associated with wind-induced     turbulence. We     executed a 2-month manipulative field mesocosm experiment in the shallow     waters of Marker Wadden to study the effect of reduced wind-induced     turbulence (i.e., shelter) on aquatic food webs. Specifically, we studied     the effects on primary producers, trophic transfer efficiency between     phytoplankton and zooplankton (using zooplankton biomass divided by     phytoplankton Chl a as a proxy), and benthic fauna. The     experiment consisted of three treatments: no shelter, shelter     without macrophytes and shelter with submerged     macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum) present at the     start of the experiment. Our     results clearly showed that under unsheltered conditions phytoplankton was     the dominant primary producer, whereas in sheltered conditions submerged     macrophytes became dominant. Interestingly, submerged macrophytes appeared     rapidly in the sheltered treatment where first no macrophytes were visibly     present; hence, at the end of the experiment, there was little difference     among the sheltered treatments with and without initial presence of     submerged macrophytes. Despite that phytoplankton concentrations were     23-fold higher under the unsheltered conditions, this did not result in     higher zooplankton biomass. This can be explained by a five-fold greater     trophic transfer efficiency between phytoplankton and zooplankton under     the sheltered conditions. Furthermore, under the sheltered conditions the     Gastropoda density reached 746 individuals m−2, whereas no     Gastropoda were found under the no shelter treatment. These     findings indicate that for shallow lakes that are negatively affected by     wind-induced turbulence, measures aimed at ameliorating this stressor can     be effective in facilitating submerged macrophyte recovery, increasing     Gastropoda densities and restoring trophic transfer efficiency between     phytoplankton and zooplankton. Ultimately, this may support higher trophic     levels such as fish and water birds by increasing their food availability     in shallow lake ecosystems. 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