{"refrec":{"BRefID":351452,"RR":"<b>Knutson, V. L.; Gosliner, T.M.</b> (2022). The first phylogenetic and species delimitation study of the nudibranch genus <i>Gymnodoris</i> reveals high species diversity (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia). <i>Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 171</i>: 107470. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470</a>","BEntID":349158,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 171</i>: 107470. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Knutson, V. L.; Gosliner, T.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Knutson, V. L.; Gosliner, T.M.","Englishabstract":"Nudibranchs are charismatic marine gastropods that lack a shell in the adult stage. While most nudibranchs feed on sessile animals such as sponges, bryozoans, and cnidarians, the nudibranch genus <em>Gymnodoris</em> Stimpson, 1855 evolved a more active and predatory lifestyle, including sea slug predation, cannibalism, and oddly enough, fish-fin parasitism. At the beginning of our work, no phylogenetic hypothesis existed for the genus, nor a clear picture of how <em>Gymnodoris</em> is related to other nudibranchs. Here we set out to reconstruct <em>Gymnodoris</em> phylogeny, investigate species diversity, and clarify the status of the genus name <em>Analogium</em>, which had been proposed for members of the genus with a linear gill filament arrangement. We present the first phylogenetic hypothesis for <em>Gymnodoris</em>, reconstructed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference using two mitochondrial and two nuclear loci, with gill filament arrangement plotted on the phylogeny. The backbone of the phylogeny remains unresolved with theseloci, however, we found that <em>Gymnodoris</em> comprises three main well-supported clades, which we refer to as the “subornata”, “citrina” and “varied” clade, the latter two clades being comprised of several well-supported subclades. The sister group to <em>Gymnodoris</em> is a clade including the genera <em>Vayssierea</em> and <em>Lecithophorus</em>. Based on ABGD and PTP species delimitation methods, we conservatively estimate 65–70 species comprise our dataset. We further estimate that approximately 81% of the species we sampled are undescribed, and note that a linear gill filament arrangement has evolved multiple times within the genus. <em>Gymnodoris</em> is only monophyletic when the species with a linear gill arrangement are included. Therefore, at this time, we agree with the synonymy of <em>Analogium striata</em> with <em>Gymnodoris striata</em> by Rudman and Darvell (1990) and that the genus name <em>Analogium</em> is warranted as a junior synonym of <em>Gymnodoris</em>. Given the extensive undescribed diversity, and lack of resolution at some of the nodes in the phylogeny, patterns of diversification in diet are impossible to discern at this time and will require a large effort to both describe <em>Gymnodoris</em> species diversity and the diets of these candidate species.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The first phylogenetic and species delimitation study of the nudibranch genus <i>Gymnodoris</i> reveals high species diversity (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-03 01:31:59.148344","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Opisthobranch; Heterobranchia; Cryptic diversity; Indo-Pacific; Polyceridae","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-10-06","DateCreate":"2022-04-14","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000806899300002","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":351452,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"107470","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"171","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45071,"SerRR":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Elsevier: Orlando, FL.  ISSN 1055-7903; e-ISSN 1095-9513","StandardTitleSer":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","ISSN":"1055-7903","AbbrevSer":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":null,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Knutson","Firstname":"Vanessa","Initials":"V. L.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":349158,"AutID":484848,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Gosliner","Firstname":"Terrence","Initials":"T.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":349158,"AutID":15313,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":375624,"LibID":36,"BRefID":351452,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":null,"ShelfLocCode":"375624","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"Interne VLIZ documenten","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Non-open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":228,"Classification":"Non-open access","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":1,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_VLIZ_Intern","DutchDisclaimer":"<p>Deze publicatie is enkel beschikbaar voor persoonlijk gebruik binnen de Innovocean site <br />en mag op geen enkele manier verder worden verspreid.</p>","FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Elsevier","City":"Orlando, FL"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Gymnodoris"},{"TaxTerm":"Heterobranchia"},{"TaxTerm":"Opisthobranchia"},{"TaxTerm":"Polyceridae"}],"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","ShortName":"VLIZ ackn"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"941":{"SpName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","SpColID":941,"ParSpColID":39,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone"},"39":{"SpName":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","SpColID":39,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"VLIZ ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn"},"507":{"SpName":"World Register of Marine Species","SpColID":507,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"WoRMS website","URLLocation":null,"LibID":null,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"WoRMS website"},"915":{"SpName":"World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) acknowledged","SpColID":915,"ParSpColID":941,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"WoRMS ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone/WoRMS ackn"},"947":{"SpName":"WoRMS ackn - direct reference","SpColID":947,"ParSpColID":915,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"WoRMS ackn - direct","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone/WoRMS ackn/WoRMS ackn - direct"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":349158,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":349158,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470","externalID":"10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107470","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":102325,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Gymnodoris","AphiaID":206395,"TaxtID":50956},{"TaxTerm":"Heterobranchia","AphiaID":14712,"TaxtID":34238},{"TaxTerm":"Opisthobranchia [Sea slugs]","AphiaID":382226,"TaxtID":11458},{"TaxTerm":"Polyceridae","AphiaID":177,"TaxtID":11480}],"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Gymnodoris","DutchTerm":null,"AphiaID":206395,"TaxtID":50956},{"TaxTerm":"Heterobranchia","DutchTerm":"Ongelijkkieuwige slakken","AphiaID":14712,"TaxtID":34238},{"TaxTerm":"Opisthobranchia","DutchTerm":"Achterkieuwigen","AphiaID":382226,"TaxtID":11458},{"TaxTerm":"Polyceridae","DutchTerm":"Mosdierslakken","AphiaID":177,"TaxtID":11480}],"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"VLIZ2000\\liesjes","newSesDate":{"date":"2022-04-14 13:46:24.950000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Bouchti, Zohra, Z.","updSesDate":{"date":"2022-10-06 08:00:35.350000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}