{"refrec":{"BRefID":351743,"RR":"Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E. (2020). A critical history of marine protected areas, in: Humphreys, J. et al. Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management. pp. 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102698-4.00001-0","BEntID":349449,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":", in: Humphreys, J. et al. Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management. pp. 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102698-4.00001-0","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E.","Englishabstract":"Although forms of marine protected area (MPA) have existed for the best part of a century, the beginnings of a modern global movement can be traced to the first World Congress on National Parks in 1962. However new impetus was provided by the initiation in 1976 of a process which delivered exclusive rights to sovereign states over adjacent waters up to 200 nm out. The following decades were marked by a growing body of scientific evidence on the utility of MPAs and accelerating MPA designations. After the Rio ‘Earth Summit’ in 1992 a global MPA area target of 10% was established. Failure to achieve this by the 2010 deadline was followed by its replacement with ‘Aichi target 11’ requiring 10% coverage by 2020. Since then a cycle of target ‘gaming’ by sovereign states has necessitated repeated efforts to tighten MPA technical requirements. A technocratically driven dialectical style of international policy development has put increasing emphasis on stronger management and enforcement solutions, without sufficient reflection on the socio-economic factors which lie behind the gaming problem. Proposals to increase the area target to 30% are questionable until such time as a more considered role for MPAs is established within a comprehensive global conservation strategy applying to 100% of the marine environment.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AM","StandardTitle":"A critical history of marine protected areas","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:01.897972","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Aichi Target 11; History of MPAs; Marine Protected Areas; MPAs; MPA Policy","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2020,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-05-05","DateCreate":"2022-05-05","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/b978-0-08-102698-4.00001-0"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":351743,"PubliDate":2020,"Pagination":"1-12","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":"978-0-08-102698-4","Volume":null,"Issue":null,"BRefMon":338982,"BRefMonRR":"Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E. (Ed.) (2020). Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management. Elsevier: Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-08-102698-4. xxi, 792 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-02525-9","BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":null,"SerRR":null,"StandardTitleSer":null,"ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"StandardTitleMon":"Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management","StartPage":1,"Pages":12,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"M","SerNotes":null,"AutString":"Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E. (Ed.)"},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Humphreys","Firstname":"John","Initials":"J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":1,"BEntID":349449,"AutID":89267,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Clark","Firstname":"Robert","Initials":"R.W.E.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":349449,"AutID":456481,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":376589,"LibID":36,"BRefID":351743,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":null,"ShelfLocCode":"376589","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"Interne VLIZ documenten","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Non-open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":228,"Classification":"Non-open access","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":1,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_VLIZ_Intern","DutchDisclaimer":"

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