{"refrec":{"BRefID":352901,"RR":"<b>Kast, E.R.; Griffiths, M.L.; Kim, S.L.; Rao, Z.C.; Shimada, K.; Becker, M.A.; Maisch, H.M.; Eagle, R.A.; Clarke, C.A.; Neumann, A.N.; Karnes, M.E.; Lüdecke, T.; Leichliter, J.N.; Martínez-Garcia, A.; Akhtar, A.A.; Wang, X.T.; Haug, G.H.; Sigman, D.M.</b> (2022). Cenozoic megatooth sharks occupied extremely high trophic positions. <i>Science Advances 8(25)</i>: eabl6529. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl6529\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl6529</a>","BEntID":350610,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Science Advances 8(25)</i>: eabl6529. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl6529\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl6529</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Kast, E.R.; Griffiths, M.L.; Kim, S.L.; Rao, Z.C.; Shimada, K.; Becker, M.A.; Maisch, H.M.; Eagle, R.A.; Clarke, C.A.; Neumann, A.N.; Karnes, M.E.; Lüdecke, T.; Leichliter, J.N.; Martínez-Garcia, A.; Akhtar, A.A.; Wang, X.T.; Haug, G.H.; Sigman, D.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Kast, E.R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Trophic position is a fundamental characteristic of animals, yet it is unknown in many extinct species. In this study, we ground-truth the <sup>15</sup>N/<sup>14</sup>N ratio of enameloid-bound organic matter (δ<sup>15</sup>N<sub>EB</sub>) as a trophic level proxy by comparison to dentin collagen δ<sup>15</sup>N and apply this method to the fossil record to reconstruct the trophic level of the megatooth sharks (genus <i>Otodus</i>). These sharks evolved in the Cenozoic, culminating in <i>Otodus megalodon</i>, a shark with a maximum body size of more than 15 m, which went extinct 3.5 million years ago. Very high δ<sup>15</sup>N<sub>EB</sub> values (22.9 ± 4.4‰) of <i>O. megalodon</i> from the Miocene and Pliocene show that it occupied a higher trophic level than is known for any marine species, extinct or extant. δ<sup>15</sup>N<sub>EB</sub> also indicates a dietary shift in sharks of the megatooth lineage as they evolved toward the gigantic <i>O. megalodon</i>, with the highest trophic level apparently reached earlier than peak size.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Cenozoic megatooth sharks occupied extremely high trophic positions","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-06-23","DateCreate":"2022-06-23","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000814518800001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.abl6529"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":352901,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"eabl6529","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"8","Issue":"25","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":248966,"SerRR":"Science Advances. 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