{"refrec":{"BRefID":353465,"RR":"<b>Anh, N.T.N.; Shayo, F.A.; Nevejan, N.; Hoa, N.V.</b> (2021). Effects of stocking densities and feeding rates on water quality, feed efficiency, and performance of white leg shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> in an integrated system with sea grape <i>Caulerpa lentillifera</i>. <i>J. Appl. Phycol. 33(5)</i>: 3331-3345. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02501-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02501-4</a>","BEntID":351175,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Appl. Phycol. 33(5)</i>: 3331-3345. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02501-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02501-4</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Anh, N.T.N.; Shayo, F.A.; Nevejan, N.; Hoa, N.V.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Anh, N.T.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"An integrated multi-trophic system consisting of white leg shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> and sea grape <i>Caulerpa lentillifera</i> was operated under various stocking densities and feeding rates to assess their effects on water quality, growth performance, and feed cost. The first experiment, which involved nursery rearing for 30&nbsp;days, was designed in triplicate using a two-factor experimental design involving three stocking densities (1000, 2000, and 3000 ind. m<sup>−3</sup>) combined with two culture systems (monoculture and integrated system). <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> postlarvae 12 (PL12, mean weight: 3.33 ± 0.09&nbsp;mg) and <i>C. lentillifera</i> (2&nbsp;kg&nbsp;m<sup>−3</sup>) were applied in integrated tanks at a salinity of 30&nbsp;g L<sup>−1</sup>. The results indicate that the integrated system of <i>L. vannamei</i> PL and <i>C. lentillifera</i> significantly decreased nitrogen and phosphorus levels and enhanced shrimp survival, growth rate, and yield. A significant synergistic effect between shrimp density and culture system was observed for shrimp survival (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and yield (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Higher shrimp density resulted in lower growth performance but increased yield. Applying stocking densities of 1000–2000 PL m<sup>−3</sup> produced larger shrimp, while a density of 3000 PL m<sup>−3</sup> obtained the highest production output in the integrated system. In the second experiment, the integrated system of juvenile <i>L. vannamei</i> (mean weight: 1.69 ± 0.07&nbsp;g) and <i>C. lentillifera</i> was tested during the grow-out phase at different feeding rates. The six feeding treatments included a control group (monoculture) fed commercial feed (40% protein, 6% lipid) with a 100% feed ration (5% of biomass per day), while shrimp in the five integrated groups received commercial feed at 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0% feeding rations of the control. After 45&nbsp;days of culture, the survival and yield of shrimp in the 100% and 75% feed ration treatments were significantly higher than those in the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Nonetheless, shrimp growth steadily decreased with a reduction in the feeding rate from 50% downwards, and all groups grew significantly slower than the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, the feed conversion ratio and feed cost were lower at the lower feeding rates. This finding indicates that offering the <i>L. vannamei</i>—<i>C. lentillifera</i> integrated system at 75% feed ration can be considered the optimal feeding rate since it can reduce feed cost by 39.57% and improve water quality.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Effects of stocking densities and feeding rates on water quality, feed efficiency, and performance of white leg shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> in an integrated system with sea grape <i>Caulerpa lentillifera</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-17 01:32:44.432209","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Integrated system; Growth; Survival; Yield; Feed cost","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-07-06","DateCreate":"2022-07-05","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000668436300002","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1007/s10811-021-02501-4"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":353465,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"3331-3345","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"33","Issue":"5","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43025,"SerRR":"Journal of Applied Phycology. 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