{"refrec":{"BRefID":353486,"RR":"<b>Blockx, J.; Verfaillie, A.; Deschaume, O.; Bartic, C.; Muylaert, K.; Thielemans, W.</b> (2021). Glycine betaine grafted nanocellulose as an effective and bio-based cationic nanocellulose flocculant for wastewater treatment and microalgal harvesting. <i>Nanoscale Advances 3(14)</i>: 4133-4144. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00102g\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00102g</a>","BEntID":351196,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nanoscale Advances 3(14)</i>: 4133-4144. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00102g\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00102g</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Blockx, J.; Verfaillie, A.; Deschaume, O.; Bartic, C.; Muylaert, K.; Thielemans, W.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Blockx, J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Flocculation is a widely used technology in industry including for wastewater treatment and microalgae harvesting. To increase the sustainability of wastewater treatment, and to avoid contamination of the harvested microalgal biomass, there is a need for bio-based flocculants to replace synthetic polymer flocculants or metal salt coagulants. We developed the first cellulose nanocrystalline flocculant with a grafted cationic point charge, <em>i.e.</em> glycine betaine (<em>i.e. N</em>,<em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-trimethylglycine) grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) effective for the flocculation of kaolin (a model system for wastewater treatment), the freshwater microalgae <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em>, and the marine microalgae <em>Nannochloropsis oculata</em>. We successfully grafted glycine betaine onto CNCs using a one-pot reaction using a tosyl chloride activated esterification reaction with a degree of substitution ranging from 0.078 ± 0.003 to 0.152 ± 0.002. The degree of substitution is controlled by the reaction conditions. Flocculation of kaolin (0.5 g L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>) required a dose of 2 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, a comparable dose to commercial polyacrylamide-based flocculants. Flocculation was also successful for freshwater as well as marine microalgae (biomass concentration about 300 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> dry matter), although the flocculation efficiency of the latter remained below 80%. The dose to induce flocculation (DS = 0.152 ± 0.002) was 20 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> for the freshwater <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> and 46 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> for the marine <em>Nannochloropsis oculata</em>, comparable to other bio-based flocculants such as chitosan or TanFloc.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Glycine betaine grafted nanocellulose as an effective and bio-based cationic nanocellulose flocculant for wastewater treatment and microalgal harvesting","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2021,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-07-07","DateCreate":"2022-07-05","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000661171000001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1039/d1na00102g"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":353486,"PubliDate":2021,"Pagination":"4133-4144","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"3","Issue":"14","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":353510,"SerRR":"Nanoscale Advances. 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