{"refrec":{"BRefID":353527,"RR":"<b>Ding, R.; Tseng, Y.-H.; Di Lorenzo, E.; Shi, L.; Li, J.; Yu, J.-Y.; Wang, C.; Sun, C.; Luo, J.-J.; Ha, K.-J.; Hu, Z.-Z.; Liu, F.</b> (2022). Multi-year El Niño events tied to the North Pacific Oscillation. <i>Nature Comm. 13(1)</i>: 3871. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31516-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31516-9</a>","BEntID":351237,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nature Comm. 13(1)</i>: 3871. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31516-9\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31516-9</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ding, R.; Tseng, Y.-H.; Di Lorenzo, E.; Shi, L.; Li, J.; Yu, J.-Y.; Wang, C.; Sun, C.; Luo, J.-J.; Ha, K.-J.; Hu, Z.-Z.; Liu, F.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ding, R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Multi-year El Niño events induce severe and persistent floods and droughts worldwide, with significant socioeconomic impacts, but the causes of their long-lasting behaviors are still not fully understood. Here we present a two-way feedback mechanism between the tropics and extratropics to argue that extratropical atmospheric variability associated with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) is a key source of multi-year El Niño events. The NPO during boreal winter can trigger a Central Pacific El Niño during the subsequent winter, which excites atmospheric teleconnections to the extratropics that re-energize the NPO variability, then re-triggers another El Niño event in the following winter, finally resulting in persistent El Niño-like states. Model experiments, with the NPO forcing assimilated to constrain atmospheric circulation, reproduce the observed connection between NPO forcing and the occurrence of multi-year El Niño events. Future projections of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 5 and 6 models demonstrate that with enhanced NPO variability under future anthropogenic forcing, more frequent multi-year El Niño events should be expected. We conclude that properly accounting for the effects of the NPO on the evolution of El Niño events may improve multi-year El Niño prediction and projection.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Multi-year El Niño events tied to the North Pacific Oscillation","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-12 01:32:10.437896","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-07-07","DateCreate":"2022-07-07","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000821901200028","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-022-31516-9"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":353527,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"3871","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"13","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":198717,"SerRR":"Nature Communications. 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