{"refrec":{"BRefID":353671,"RR":"<b>Davidson, S.K.; Allen, S.W.; Lim, G.E.; Anderson, C.M.</b> (2001). Evidence for the biosynthesis of bryostatins by the bacterial symbiont “<i>Candidatus</i> Endobugula sertula” of the bryozoan <i>Bugula neritina</i>. <i>Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(10)</i>: 4531-4537. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4531-4537.2001\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4531-4537.2001</a>","BEntID":351381,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(10)</i>: 4531-4537. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4531-4537.2001\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4531-4537.2001</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Davidson, S.K.; Allen, S.W.; Lim, G.E.; Anderson, C.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Davidson, S.K. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The marine bryozoan, <i>Bugula neritina</i>, is the source of the bryostatins, a family of macrocyclic lactones with anticancer activity. Bryostatins have long been suspected to be bacterial products. <i>B. neritina</i> harbors the uncultivated gamma proteobacterial symbiont “<i>Candidatus</i> Endobugula sertula.” In this work several lines of evidence are presented that show that the symbiont is the most likely source of bryostatins. Bryostatins are complex polyketides similar to bacterial secondary metabolites synthesized by modular type I polyketide synthases (PKS-I). PKS-I gene fragments were cloned from DNA extracted from the <i>B. neritina-“E. sertula”</i>association, and then primers specific to one of these clones, KSa, were shown to amplify the KSa gene specifically and universally from total <i>B. neritina</i> DNA. In addition, a KSa RNA probe was shown to bind specifically to the symbiotic bacteria located in the pallial sinus of the larvae of <i>B. neritina</i> and not to <i>B. neritina</i> cells or to other bacteria. Finally,<i>B. neritina</i> colonies grown in the laboratory were treated with antibiotics to reduce the numbers of bacterial symbionts. Decreased symbiont levels resulted in the reduction of the KSa signal as well as the bryostatin content. These data provide evidence that the symbiont <i>E. sertula</i> has the genetic potential to make bryostatins and is necessary in full complement for the host bryozoan to produce normal levels of bryostatins. This study demonstrates that it may be possible to clone bryostatin genes from <i>B. neritina</i> directly and use these to produce bryostatins in heterologous host bacteria.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Evidence for the biosynthesis of bryostatins by the bacterial symbiont “<i>Candidatus</i> Endobugula sertula” of the bryozoan <i>Bugula neritina</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-15 01:33:43.164396","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2001,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-07-12","DateCreate":"2022-07-12","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000171237700018","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1128/aem.67.10.4531-4537.2001"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":353671,"PubliDate":2001,"Pagination":"4531-4537","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"67","Issue":"10","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42360,"SerRR":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology: Washington.  ISSN 0099-2240; e-ISSN 1098-5336","StandardTitleSer":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","ISSN":"0099-2240","AbbrevSer":"Appl. Environ. 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