{"refrec":{"BRefID":355614,"RR":"<b>Landschützer, P.; Gruber, N.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Schuster, U.; Nakaoka, S.; Payne, M.R.; Sasse, T.P.; Zeng, J.</b> (2013). A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink. <i>Biogeosciences 10(11)</i>: 7793-7815. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013</a>","BEntID":353327,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biogeosciences 10(11)</i>: 7793-7815. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Landschützer, P.; Gruber, N.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Schuster, U.; Nakaoka, S.; Payne, M.R.; Sasse, T.P.; Zeng, J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Landschützer, P. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The Atlantic Ocean is one of the most important sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), but this sink has been shown to vary substantially in time. Here we use surface ocean CO<sub>2</sub> observations to estimate this sink and the temporal variability from 1998 through 2007 in the Atlantic Ocean. We benefit from (i) a continuous improvement of the observations, i.e. the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT) v1.5 database and (ii) a newly developed technique to interpolate the observations in space and time. In particular, we use a two-step neural network approach to reconstruct basin-wide monthly maps of the sea surface partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>) at a resolution of 1° × 1°. From those, we compute the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux maps using a standard gas exchange parameterization and high-resolution wind speeds. The neural networks fit the observed <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 10 μatm and with almost no bias. A check against independent time-series data and new data from SOCAT v2 reveals a larger RMSE of 22.8 μatm for the entire Atlantic Ocean, which decreases to 16.3 μatm for data south of 40° N. We estimate a decadal mean uptake flux of −0.45 ± 0.15 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> for the Atlantic between 44° S and 79° N, representing the sum of a strong uptake north of 18° N (−0.39 ± 0.10 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup>), outgassing in the tropics (18° S–18° N, 0.11 ± 0.07 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup>), and uptake in the subtropical/temperate South Atlantic south of 18° S (−0.16 ± 0.06 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup>), consistent with recent studies. The strongest seasonal variability of the CO<sub>2</sub> flux occurs in the temperature-driven subtropical North Atlantic, with uptake in winter and outgassing in summer. The seasonal cycle is antiphased in the subpolar latitudes relative to the subtropics largely as a result of the biologically driven winter-to-summer drawdown of CO<sub>2</sub>. Over the 10 yr analysis period (1998 through 2007), sea surface <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> increased faster than that of the atmosphere in large areas poleward of 40° N, while in other regions of the North Atlantic the sea surface <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> increased at a slower rate, resulting in a barely changing Atlantic carbon sink north of the Equator (−0.01 ± 0.02 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> decade<sup>−1</sup>). Surface ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> increased at a slower rate relative to atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> over most of the Atlantic south of the Equator, leading to a substantial trend toward a stronger CO<sub>2</sub> sink for the entire South Atlantic (−0.14 ± 0.02 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> decade<sup>−1</sup>). In contrast to the 10 yr trends, the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink varies relatively little on inter-annual timescales (±0.04 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup>; 1 σ).","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:01.897972","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2013,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2022-09-21","DateCreate":"2022-09-21","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000327814700069","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":355614,"PubliDate":2013,"Pagination":"7793-7815","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"10","Issue":"11","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":68092,"SerRR":"<b>Gattuso, J.P.; Kesselmeier, J. (Ed.)</b> Biogeosciences. Copernicus Publications: Göttingen.  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