BibliographicReference 359214

BibliographicReference record

Type: Bibliographic resource
Type of document: Journal article
BibLvlCode: AS
Title: Global carbon budget 2022
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understandthe global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO₂ emissions (E_FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change E_LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G_ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO₂ sink (S_OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO₂ sink (S_LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance B_IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. Alluncertainties are reported as ±1σ . For the year 2021, E_FOS increased by 5.1 % relative to 2020, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr⁻¹ (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr⁻¹ when the cement carbonation sink is included), and E_LUC was 1.1 ± 0.7 GtC yr⁻¹, for a total anthropogenic CO₂ emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr⁻¹(40.0 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2021, G_ATM was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtC yr⁻¹ (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr⁻¹), S_OCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr⁻¹, and S_LAND was 3.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr⁻¹, with a B_IM of −0.6 GtC yr (i.e. the total estimated sources were too low or sinks were too high). The global atmospheric CO₂ concentration averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2022 suggest an increase in E_FOS relative to 2021 of +1.0 % (0.1 % to 1.9 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 % above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr⁻¹ persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO₂ fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches andobservations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO_{2 flux in the northern extratropics,and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and theprogress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).}
WebOfScience code: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000928187000001
Bibliographic citation: Friedlingstein, P.; Sullivan, M.; Jones, M.W.; Andrew, R.M.; Gregor, L.; Hauck, J.; Le Quéré, C.; Luijkx, I.T.; Olsen, A.; Peters, G.P.; Peters, W.; Pongratz, J.; Schwingshackl, C.; Sitch, S.; Canadell, J.G.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R.B.; Alin, S.R.; Alkama, R.; Arneth, A.; Arora, V.K.; Bates, N.R.; Becker, M.; Bellouin, N.; Bittig, H.C.; Bopp, L.; Chevallier, F.; Chini, L.P.; Cronin, M.; Evans, W.; Falk, S.; Feely, R.A.; Gasser, T.; Gehlen, M.; Gkritzalis, T.; Gloege, L.; Grassi, G.; Gruber, N.; Gürses, Ö.; Harris, I.; Hefner, M.; Houghton, R.A.; Hurtt, G.C.; Iida, Y.; Ilyina, T.; Jain, A.K.; Jersild, A.; Kadono, K.; Kato, E.; Kennedy, D.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Knauer, J.; Korsbakken, J.I.; Landschützer, P.; Lefèvre, N.; Lindsay, K.; Liu, J.; Liu, Z.; Marland, G.; Mayot, N.; McGrath, M.J.; Metzl, N.; Monacci, N.M.; Munro, D.R.; Nakaoka, S.; Niwa, Y.; O'Brien, K.; Ono, T.; Palmer, P.I.; Pan, N.; Pierrot, D.; Pocock, K.; Poulter, B.; Resplandy, L.; Robertson, E.; Rödenbeck, C.; Rodriguez, C.; Rosan, T.M.; Schwinger, J.; Séférian, R.; Shutler, J.D.; Skjelvan, I.; Steinhoff, T.; Sun, Q.; Sutton, A.J.; Sweeney, C.; Takao, S.; Tanhua, T.; Tans, P.P.; Tian, X.; Tian, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Tsujino, H.; Tubiello, F.; van der Werf, G.R.; Walker, A.P.; Wanninkhof, R.; Whitehead, C.; Willstrand Wranne, A.; Wright, R.; Yuan, W.; Yue, C.; Yue, X.; Zaehle, S.; Zeng, J.; Zheng, B. (2022). Global carbon budget 2022. ESSD 14(11): 4811-4900. https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022
Topic: Marine
Is peer reviewed: true
Access rights: open access
Is accessible for free: true

Authors

author

Name: Pierre Friedlingstein

author

Name: Michael Sullivan

author

Name: Matthew Jones

author

Name: Robbie Andrew

author

Name: Luke Gregor

author

Name: Judith Hauck

author

Name: Corinne Le Quéré

author

Name: Ingrid Luijkx

author

Name: Are Olsen

author

Name: Glen Peters

author

Name: Wouter Peters

author

Name: Julia Pongratz

author

Name: Clemens Schwingshackl

author

Name: Stephen Sitch

author

Name: Josep Canadell

author

Name: Philippe Ciais

author

Name: Robert Jackson

author

Name: Simone Alin

author

Name: Ramdane Alkama

author

Name: Almut Arneth

author

Name: Vivek Arora

author

Name: Nicholas Bates

author

Name: Meike Becker

author

Name: Nicolas Bellouin

author

Name: Henry Bittig

author

Name: Laurent Bopp

author

Name: Frédéric Chevallier

author

Name: Louise Chini

author

Name: Margot Cronin

author

Name: Wiley Evans

author

Name: Stefanie Falk

author

Name: Richard Feely

author

Name: Thomas Gasser

author

Name: Marion Gehlen

author

Name: Thanos Gkritzalis
Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-4230
Affiliation: Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee

author

Name: Lucas Gloege

author

Name: Giacomo Grassi

author

Name: Nicolas Gruber

author

Name: Özgür Gürses

author

Name: Ian Harris

author

Name: Matthew Hefner

author

Name: Richard Houghton

author

Name: George Hurtt

author

Name: Yosuke Iida

author

Name: Tatiana Ilyina

author

Name: Atul Jain

author

Name: Annika Jersild

author

Name: Koji Kadono

author

Name: Etsushi Kato

author

Name: Daniel Kennedy

author

Name: Kees Klein Goldewijk

author

Name: Jürgen Knauer

author

Name: Jan Ivar Korsbakken

author

Name: Peter Landschützer
Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-3293

author

Name: Nathalie Lefèvre

author

Name: Keith Lindsay

author

Name: Junjie Liu

author

Name: Zhu Liu

author

Name: Gregg Marland

author

Name: Nicolas Mayot

author

Name: Matthew McGrath

author

Name: Nicolas Metzl

author

Name: Natalie Monacci

author

Name: David Munro

author

Name: Shin-ichiro Nakaoka

author

Name: Yosuke Niwa

author

Name: Kevin O'Brien

author

Name: Tsuneo Ono

author

Name: Paul Palmer

author

Name: Naiqing Pan

author

Name: Denis Pierrot

author

Name: Katie Pocock

author

Name: Benjamin Poulter

author

Name: Laure Resplandy

author

Name: Eddy Robertson

author

Name: Christian Rödenbeck

author

Name: Carmen Rodriguez

author

Name: Thais Rosan

author

Name: Jörg Schwinger

author

Name: Roland Séférian

author

Name: Jamie Shutler

author

Name: Ingunn Skjelvan

author

Name: Tobias Steinhoff

author

Name: Qing Sun

author

Name: Adrienne Sutton

author

Name: Colm Sweeney

author

Name: Shintaro Takao

author

Name: Toste Tanhua

author

Name: Pieter Tans

author

Name: Xiangjun Tian

author

Name: Hanqin Tian

author

Name: Bronte Tilbrook

author

Name: Hiroyuki Tsujino

author

Name: Francesco Tubiello

author

Name: Guido van der Werf

author

Name: Anthony Walker

author

Name: Rik Wanninkhof

author

Name: Chris Whitehead

author

Name: Anna Willstrand Wranne

author

Name: Rebecca Wright

author

Name: Wenping Yuan

author

Name: Chao Yue

author

Name: Xu Yue

author

Name: Sönke Zaehle

author

Name: Jiye Zeng

author

Name: Bo Zheng

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