{"refrec":{"BRefID":35943,"RR":"<b>Samyn, Y.</b> (2003). Towards an understanding of the shallow-water holothuroid fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the western Indian Ocean. PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit Brussel: Brussel.  III, 384 + 1 cd-rom pp.","BEntID":35943,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit Brussel: Brussel.  III, 384 + 1 cd-rom pp.","DocTypID":5,"DocType":"Book/Monograph","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Samyn, Y.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Samyn, Y.","Englishabstract":"The study of the Holothuroidea, commonly known as sea cucumbers, started some 23 centuries ago when Aristotle defined them as a kind of motionless marine organisms. Only in the mid sixteenth century were holothuroids recognized as animals <I>per se</i>. Nowadays, Holothuroidea is firmly recognized as one of the five extant classes of echinoderms. Currently some 1600 species are described; these occur from the intertidal to the deep ocean trenches and from the polar to the tropical regions.The ultimate aim of this dissertation is to understand the shallow-water holothuroid biodiversity of the western Indian Ocean, the area stretching from Suez to Cape Town and from the East African coast (Red Sea and Persian Gulf included) to 65 degrees East. To attain this goal, several expeditions to two contrasting regions of the western Indian Ocean (the tropical coast of Kenya together with Pemba Island in northern Tanzania and the subtropical coast of KwaZulu-Natal in the northeast of the Republic of South Africa) were undertaken. The purpose of these was to assemble a representative collection of species.An extensive part of this dissertation is concerned with the construction of a reliable and up-to date faunistical list of the holothuroid fauna of these two case areas. The faunistics of the rest of the western Indian Ocean was tilled in with the aid of important collections from the Seychelles and Inhaca (which were deposited as largely unidentified material in the collection of the Royal Africa Museum, Tervuren, Belgium), with detailed study of virtually all the available literature as well as with numerous loans of specimens from museums worldwide. In the course of the construction of this species inventory, my colleagues and I discovered several species and one genus new to science. We, however, did not blindly follow the standing biological classifications when describing our findings. <I>Au contraire</I>, while constructing the species lists we took great care to critically question the employed classifications. This attitude resulted in the taxonomic revision of the <I>Holothuria</I> subgenus <I>Mertensiothuria</I< and of the holothuriid genus <I>Labidodemas</I>. Interestingly, the type species of the latter genus revealed itself as a cryptic species. We were rewarded with the discovery of two additional new species.Throughout this process, the historical opinions towards holothuroid taxonomy and systematics were never denied. This approach enabled us to revive methodically ignored characters such as the ossicles from the musculature. These characters proved not only diagnostic in the recognition of taxa, but also were informative in terms of recovery of phylogenies. By using our rejuvenated insights into such (and other) characters we were able to construct a large, morphology-based dataset, which allowed the recovery of the phylogeny of the Holothuriidae, the family best represented in this work. This cladistic analysis not only revealed that <I>Labidodemas</I> was indeed monophyletic {as suggested by our earlier systematic revision), but also allowed us to state that it has arisen fiom within the (now paraphyletic) genus <I>Holothuria</I>. As such, <I>Labidodemas</I> is evolutionary much younger than generally assumed. Our phylogenetic studies further suggest a close relationship between the genera <I>Actinopyga, Bohadschia</I> and <I>Pearsonothuria</I>, but unfortunately the recovered support proved low. Future studies (see also annex on CD Rom) will have to decide whether a new classification of the Holothuriidae is desired.Taking all these caveats into account, we finally succeeded to construct the wanted faunistical list of the Holothuroidea from the western Indian Ocean. This list was then further used to analyze the patterns of biodiversity by means of cluster analysis on several bèta-diversity coefficients and parsimony analyses of endemicity. These analyses showed that the investigated holothuroid fauna of the ","AbstractOtherLang":"De studie van de Holothuroidea, beter gekend als zeekomkommers, startte zo'n 23 eeuwen geleden wanneer Aristotles hen als immobiele mariene organismen definieert. Het duurt evenwel tot midden de zestiende eeuw vooraleer zeekomkommers als dieren <i>per se</i> worden herkend. Vandaag worden zeekomkommers gezien als een van de vijf nog levende klasses echinodermen. Er zijn momenteel een slordige 1600 soorten beschreven; deze komen voor van de getijdenzones tot de diepzee en van de tropen tot de polen.Het ultieme doel van deze dissertatie omhelst het begrijpen van de zeekomkommer biodiversiteit zoals die gevonden wordt in de ondiepe wateren van de West-Indische Oceaan, het gebied dat zich uitstrekt vanaf Suez tot Kaapstad en vanaf de kust van Oost-Afrika (inclusief de Rode Zee en de Perzische Golf) tot 65 graden Oost. Ten einde dit doel te bereiken werden verschillende expedities naar twee contrasterende regio's van de West-Indische Oceaan (de tropische kust van Kenia, samen met de kust van Pemba in Noord-Tanzania en de subtropische kust van KwaZulu-Natal in het Noord-Oosten van de Republiek Zuid-Afrika) georganiseerd. Deze hadden tot doel een representatieve soortencollectie op te bouwen.Een aanzienlijk deel van deze dissertatie betreft het opstellen van een betrouwbare en actuele faunistische lijst van de zeekomkommer fauna zoals aanwezig in deze twee studiegebieden. De faunistiek van het overige deel van de West-Indische Oceaan werd ingevuld met behulp van belangrijke collecties afkomstig uit de Seychellen en Inhaca (deze waren als niet geïdentificeerd materiaal gedeponeerd in de collectie van het Koninklijk Africa Museum van Tervuren, België), met nauwlettende studie van vrijwel alle beschikbare literatuur en met een groot aantal specimens uitgeleend door musea van over de hele wereld. Tijdens de aanmaak van deze soorteninventaris, ontdekten mijn collegae en mezelf verschillende soorten en één geslacht die nieuw zijn voor de wetenschap. Tijdens de beschrijving van onze vondsten volgden we evenwel niet blindelings de beschikbare biologische classificaties. Integendeel, tijdens de constructie van de soortenlijsten, zagen we erop toe dat de biologische classificaties ten alle tijde kritisch werden benaderd. Deze attitude resulteerde uiteindelijk in de taxonomische revisie van het <i>Holothuria</i> subgenus <i>Mertensiothuria</i> en van het holothuriid genus <i>Labidodemas</i>. De type species van dit laatste genus bleek een cryptische soort te zijn. We werden beloond met nog eens twee nieuwe soorten.Tijdens dit proces werd het historische gedachtegoed met betrekking tot de taxonomie en de systematiek van de Holothuroidea nooit ontkend. Deze aanpak stelde ons in staat om systematisch genegeerde karakters zoals de spicules van de spieren opnieuw op te waarderen. Deze karakters bleken niet allen diagnostisch in het herkennen van taxa, ze bleken daarenboven informatief bij het opstellen van fylogenieën. Onze vernieuwde inzichten in zulke (en andere) karakters stelden ons in staat om een omvangrijke, op morfologie gebaseerde, dataset op te stellen. Deze liet ons toe om de fylogenie van de Holothuriidae (de best vertegenwoordigde familie in dit werk) op te stellen. Deze cladistische analyse onthulde niet alleen dat <i>Labidodemas</i> inderdaad monofyletisch is (zoals aangeduid door taxonomische revisie), maar liet tevens toe te stellen dat dit genus afgeleid is uit het (nu parafyletische) genus <i>Holothuria</i>. Als dusdanig, is <i>Labidodemas</i> evolutief veel jonger dan algemeen werd aangenomen. Onze fylogenetische studies suggereren voorts een nauwe verwantschap tussen de genera <i>Actinopyga, Bohadschia</i> en <i>Pearsonothuria</i>. Helaas bleek de robuustheid van deze tak laag. Verdere studies (zie tevens annex op CD ROM) zullen moeten uitmaken of een nieuwe classificatie van de Holothuriidae al dan niet gewenst is.Afgezien van deze valkuilen, slaagden we er uiteindelijk in om de fel begeerde faunistische lijst van de Ho","BibLvlCode":"M","StandardTitle":"Towards an understanding of the shallow-water holothuroid fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the western Indian Ocean","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":null,"MonPub":2003,"DateUpdate":"2018-05-04","DateCreate":"2003-06-26","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1},"refs":null,"anarec":null,"monrec":{"MonID":35943,"ISBN":null,"PubliDate":2003,"IssueDate":null,"Volume":null,"Issue":null,"Pagination":"III, 384 + 1 cd-rom","Place":"Brussel","Edition":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerID":null,"SerRR":null,"Ser2BRefID":null,"Ser2RR":null,"StandardTitleSer":null,"ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"Degree":"PhD","ThesisID":35943,"InsID":33,"Acronym":"ECOL","FullStandardName":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Faculteit Wetenschappen; Vakgroep Biologie; Laboratorium voor Ecologie en Systematiek","ToPubliDate":null,"SerNotes":null,"eISBN":null,"Pages":384},"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":{"Line1":"Pleinlaan 2","Email":"ysamyn@vub.ac.be","Line2":null,"EnvName":"Belgium"},"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Samyn","Firstname":"Yves","Initials":"Y.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":35943,"AutID":22722,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":"0000-0002-1653-3018","PersID":244,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":[{"BRefID":35944,"StandardTitle":"Introduction","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":53691,"StandardTitle":"Conservation of aspidochirotid holothurians in the littoral waters of Kenya","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":35945,"StandardTitle":"<i>Modus operandi</i>","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":67940,"StandardTitle":"A new species of <i>Bohadschia</i> (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) from the Western Indian Ocean with a redescription of <i>Bohadschia subrubra</i> (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)","AuthorsString":"Massin, C. <i>et al.</i>","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":67943,"StandardTitle":"A new species of <i>Holothuria</i> (Aspidochirotida, Holothuriidae) from Kenya","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y. <i>et al.</i>","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":67944,"StandardTitle":"<i>Massinium</i>, a new genus in the holothuroid family Phyllophoridae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) with description of the new south-west Indian Ocean species <i>M. maculosum</i>","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y.; Thandar, A.S.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":35948,"StandardTitle":"The holothurian subgenus <i>Mertensiothuria</i> (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) revisited","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y.; Massin, C.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":35949,"StandardTitle":"The genus <i>Labidodemas</i> (Holothuroidea: (Aspidochirotida) revisited with description of three new species and with re-positioning of <i>Holothuria</i> (<i>Irenothuria) maccullochi</i> Deichmann, 1958","AuthorsString":"Massin, C.; Samyn, Y.; Thandar, A.S.","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":35950,"StandardTitle":"Phylogeny of <i>Labidodemas</i> and the Holothuriidae (Holothuroidea: (Aspidochirotida) as inferred from morphology","AuthorsString":"Samyn, Y. <i>et al.</i>","BibLvlCode":"AM"},{"BRefID":67945,"StandardTitle":"Annotated checklist of the echinoderms from the Kiunga Marine National Reserve, Kenya: 1. 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