{"refrec":{"BRefID":359946,"RR":"<b>Nauta, J.; Christianen, M.J.A.; Temmink, R.J.M.; Fivash, G.S.; Marín Díaz, B.; Reijers, V.C.; Didderen, K.; Penning, E.; Borst, A.C.W.; Heusinkveld, J.H.T.; Zwarts, M.; Cruijsen, P.M.J.M.; Hijner, N.; Lengkeek, W.; Lamers, L.P.M.; van der Heide, T.; Bouma, T.J.; van der Wal, D.; Olff, H.; Govers, L.L.</b> (2023). Biodegradable artificial reefs enhance food web complexity and biodiversity in an intertidal soft‐sediment ecosystem. <i>J. Appl. Ecol. 60(3)</i>: 541-552. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14348\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14348</a>","BEntID":357661,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Appl. Ecol. 60(3)</i>: 541-552. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14348\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14348</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Nauta, J.; Christianen, M.J.A.; Temmink, R.J.M.; Fivash, G.S.; Marín Díaz, B.; Reijers, V.C.; Didderen, K.; Penning, E.; Borst, A.C.W.; Heusinkveld, J.H.T.; Zwarts, M.; Cruijsen, P.M.J.M.; Hijner, N.; Lengkeek, W.; Lamers, L.P.M.; van der Heide, T.; Bouma, T.J.; van der Wal, D.; Olff, H.; Govers, L.L.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Nauta, J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<ol start=\"\">    <li>        Reef-forming species form integral aspects of coastal ecosystems, but        are rapidly degrading world-wide. To mitigate these declines, nature        managers increasingly rely on the restoration of habitat-structuring,        reef-forming species by, for example, introducing artificial reefs that        may directly function as complex reef habitat. Since the use of        biodegradable structures to restore biogenic reefs is becoming a        popular technique, its effectiveness as reef habitat must be assessed.        Therefore, we examine the trophic complexity on experimental        large-scale biodegradable artificial reefs using food web network        analysis.    </li>    <li>        We placed biodegradable artificial reefs on soft-sediment intertidal        flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea in a large-scale (~650 m) and        2.5-year-long experiment. We compared food web networks and        biodiversity indicators between biodegradable reefs and bare controls        and quantified species composition inside and near the artificial reef        community to assess the expansion of the reef community.    </li>    <li>        During 2.5 years, we observed that artificial reefs changed food web        networks compared to bare controls: in species richness (+76%), link        density (the number of interactions per species; +15%) and the fraction        of basal species (species of lowest trophic level; +40%), but lowered        the connectance: the realized fraction of all possible links between        species (−33%). Their effects on food web networks increased over time        with a higher species richness (+22%) and more complex food web (link        density +13%) on the artificial reef 2.5 years after deployment        compared to 1.5 years. However, the effects of the reefs did not extend        beyond the reef structures; the species composition and biodiversity of        macrozoobenthos near the reefs were comparable to the control.    </li>    <li>        <em>Synthesis and applications.</em>        This study shows that biodegradable artificial reefs offer an effective        tool for the restoration of food web complexity and biodiversity of        intertidal soft-sediment systems. However, application needs to be        carefully considered as the reef-building species did not expand beyond        our structures, despite the ambitious spatial extent of this        experiment. Therefore, we recommend restoration practitioners to design        artificial reefs in such a way that they generate ecosystem        connectivity (facilitation of higher trophic levels) and        biogeomorphological effects on a landscape scale (reef expansion beyond        the structures).    </li></ol>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Biodegradable artificial reefs enhance food web complexity and biodiversity in an intertidal soft‐sediment ecosystem","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-02 01:32:14.945295","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"artificial reefs, biogenic reefs, coastal restoration, ecological networks, food web complexity, foundation species, mussel, self-facilitation","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2023-04-06","DateCreate":"2023-01-04","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000906444600001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1111/1365-2664.14348"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":359946,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"541-552","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"60","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43021,"SerRR":"Journal of Applied Ecology. 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