{"refrec":{"BRefID":361965,"RR":"<b>Arasamuthu, A.; Laju, R.L.; Diraviya, R.K.; Ashok, K.T.K.; Leewis, R.; Patterson, E.</b> (2023). Invasive red alga <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> on the reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, India – a persistent threat to the corals. <i>Bioinvasions Records 12(1)</i>: 151-166. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.13\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.13</a>","BEntID":359681,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Bioinvasions Records 12(1)</i>: 151-166. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.13\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.13</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Arasamuthu, A.; Laju, R.L.; Diraviya, R.K.; Ashok, K.T.K.; Leewis, R.; Patterson, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Arasamuthu, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Habitat destruction by destroying the foundation species is one of the important damages caused by invasive species. The red alga <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> is commercially important as a source of carrageenan and has been introduced in many countries for commercial cultivation. Due to its invasive potential, this red alga has been widely reported to be a big threat to coral reefs in many reef regions including the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) in India. Here we report the invasion of red alga <i>K. alvarezii</i> to new reef sites in Valai and Thalaiyari Islands within GoM and the coral mortality caused in the newly invaded sites from 2019 to 2021. We also discuss the geographical extension of <i>K. alvarezii</i> within GoM from its initial invasion point and its impact on corals from 2005 to 2021. During our regular reef monitoring surveys within GoM, we found <i>K. alvarezii</i> to be overgrowing live acroporan corals of Valai and Thalaiyari islands of GoM for the first time in May 2019 and we used standard underwater protocols to assess the impact of the alga on corals at different time periods between May 2019 and March 2021. Live coral cover in the invaded area decreased by 9.1% in Valai Island and by 3.9% in Thalaiyari Island due to the coral mortality caused by <i>K. alvarezii</i> during the study period. <i>K. alvarezii</i> was observed to overgrow live corals and kill them eventually at the affected sites. <i>Acropora</i> branching morphotype was found to be the most affected by <i>K. alvarezii</i>. Various measures including manual removal have been taken to keep the invasion under control. In spite of the efforts to eradicate <i>K. alvarezii</i> from the reefs of GoM, it remains a persistent threat to the survival of corals. We emphasize the importance of properly managing the already stressed and ecologically sensitive reef resources of GoM from the invasion of <i>K. alvarezii</i> in order to guarantee the long-term livelihood benefits of dependent fisher-folk.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Invasive red alga <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> on the reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, India – a persistent threat to the corals","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Indian Ocean, coral reefs, bio-invasion, manual removal, macroalgae cultivation, coral mortality","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2023-03-10","DateCreate":"2023-03-10","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000953582000013","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.13"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":361965,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"151-166","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"12","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":220191,"SerRR":"Bioinvasions Records. 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