{"refrec":{"BRefID":363565,"RR":"<b>Musilova, Z.; Cortesi, F.</b> (2023). The evolution of the green-light-sensitive visual opsin genes (<i>RH2</i>) in teleost fishes. <i>Vision Res. 206</i>: 108204. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2023.108204\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2023.108204</a>","BEntID":361283,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Vision Res. 206</i>: 108204. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2023.108204\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2023.108204</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Musilova, Z.; Cortesi, F.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Musilova, Z.; Cortesi, F.","Englishabstract":"Vertebrates have four visual cone opsin classes that mediate sensitivity from ultraviolet to red wavelengths of light. The rhodopsin-like 2 (RH2) opsin is sensitive to the central mostly green part of the spectrum. While lost in some terrestrial vertebrates (mammals), the <em>RH2</em> opsin gene has proliferated during the evolution of teleost fishes. Here, we investigated the genomes of 132 extant teleosts and found between zero and eight <em>RH2</em> gene copies per species. The <em>RH2</em> gene shows a dynamic evolutionary history with repeated gene duplications, gene losses, and gene conversions affecting entire orders, families, and species. At least four ancestral duplications provided the substrate for today’s <em>RH2</em> diversity, with duplications occurring in the common ancestors of Clupeocephala (twice), Neoteleostei, and likely Acanthopterygii as well. Despite these evolutionary dynamics, we identified conserved <em>RH2</em> synteny in two main gene clusters; the <em>slc6A13/synpr</em> cluster is highly conserved within Percomorpha and also present across most teleosts, including Otomorpha, Euteleostei and in parts in tarpons (Elopomorpha), and the <em>mutSH5</em> cluster, which is specific for Otomorpha. When comparing the number of visual opsin genes (<em>SWS1, SWS2, RH2</em>, <em>LWS,</em> and total cone opsins) with habitat depth, we found that deeper-dwelling species had less (or none) long-wavelength-sensitive opsins. Using retinal/eye transcriptomes in a phylogenetic representative dataset of 32 species, we show that if present in the genome, <em>RH2</em> is expressed in most fishes except for some species within the tarpons, characins, and gobies (and Osteoglossomorpha and some other characin species have lost the gene). Those species instead express a green-shifted long-wavelength-sensitive <em>LWS</em> opsin. Our study applies modern genomic and transcriptomic tools within a comparative framework to elucidate the evolutionary history of the visual sensory system in teleost fishes.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The evolution of the green-light-sensitive visual opsin genes (<i>RH2</i>) in teleost fishes","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-05-28 01:31:48.832968","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Opsin; Colour vision; Gene duplication","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2023-04-12","DateCreate":"2023-04-12","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000953060400001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.visres.2023.108204"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":363565,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"108204","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"206","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":44068,"SerRR":"Vision Research. 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