{"refrec":{"BRefID":363991,"RR":"<b>Smith, A.M.; Peebles, B.A.; Spencer, H.G.</b> (2023). Directly observed images through the shell-lenses of <i>Onithochiton neglectus</i> (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonidae). <i>Moll. Res. 43(1)</i>: 4-11. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089</a>","BEntID":361711,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Moll. Res. 43(1)</i>: 4-11. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Smith, A.M.; Peebles, B.A.; Spencer, H.G.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Smith, A.M.; Peebles, B.A.; Spencer, H.G.","Englishabstract":"The dorsal shell surface of the New Zealand-endemic chitonid <i>Onithochiton neglectus</i> exhibits ocelli (eyes) associated with sensory organs (aesthetes) penetrating the shell. Each ocellus includes a mineral lens which focusses light onto a retina, potentially able to resolve images. In order to discover the spatial resolution of lenses of <i>O. neglectus,</i> we isolated them, examined their mineralogy with X-ray diffractometry, imaged the constituent crystals with scanning electron microscopy, and mounted them onto a camera to directly observe and record images. Lenses of <i>O. neglectus</i> are aragonitic and therefore birefringent, providing two different focal lengths, possibly one for in-air and one for underwater vision. Chitons may be able to image nearby shapes with visual acuity equivalent to 6/24 (m), a VA<sub>dec</sub> of 0.25. <i>Onithochiton neglectus</i> lenses can focus images in air about as well as a person with low visual acuity, sufficient to discern shapes and shadows in the surrounding environment. Lenses from subtidal <i>O. neglectus</i> were less eroded than those from intertidal environments; chitons in different habitats exhibit different visual acuity. It is unclear why a few lineages of chitons have developed such complex eyes; we speculate that body-orientation and navigation could be among the advantages driving such development.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Directly observed images through the shell-lenses of <i>Onithochiton neglectus</i> (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonidae)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-06 01:35:02.243337","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Aragonite; invertebrate; low-resolution vision; ocelli; vision","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2023-05-04","DateCreate":"2023-05-04","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000889346000001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":363991,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"4-11","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"43","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45510,"SerRR":"Molluscan Research. Malacological Society of Australasia: Sydney.  ISSN 1323-5818; e-ISSN 1448-6067","StandardTitleSer":"Molluscan Research","ISSN":"1323-5818","AbbrevSer":"Moll. 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